EBOOK - RAILWAY TECHNICAL (Kĩ thuật đường sắt ) | Cộng đồng Kỹ thuật cơ điện Việt Nam EBOOKBKMT

CONTENTS
DESIGN DETAILS OF RAILWAYS, RAILROADS AND METROS.......................................15
1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 15
1.2. Deadman .................................................................................................................................................... 15
1.3. Couplers ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
1.4. Fully Automatic Couplers ........................................................................................................................... 20
1.5. Doors .......................................................................................................................................................... 23
1.6. Air Conditioning ......................................................................................................................................... 25
1.7. Escalator Steps ........................................................................................................................................... 26
1.8 Escalator Locations ...................................................................................................................................... 28
1.9. Suicide Pits ................................................................................................................................................. 28

ROLLING STOCK AND EQUIPMENTS ........................................................................30

2.1. AUXILIARY SYSTEMS ON ROLLING STOCK .................................................................................................. 30
2.1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 30
2.1.2. On-Board Services ............................................................................................................................... 30
2.1.3. Air Equipment ..................................................................................................................................... 31
2.1.4. The Compressor .................................................................................................................................. 31
2.1.5 The Pump ............................................................................................................................................. 31
2.1.6. Drives .................................................................................................................................................. 32
2.1.7. Cooling ................................................................................................................................................ 32
2.1.8. Drying .................................................................................................................................................. 32
2.1.9. Control................................................................................................................................................. 32
2.1.10. Synchronisation ................................................................................................................................. 32
2.1.11. Storage .............................................................................................................................................. 33
2.1.12. Distribution ....................................................................................................................................... 33
2.1.13. Angle Cocks ....................................................................................................................................... 34
2.1.14. Automatic Couplers ........................................................................................................................... 34
2.1.15. Air Operated Equipment ................................................................................................................... 34
2.1.16. Traction Equipment ........................................................................................................................... 35
2.1.17. Doors ................................................................................................................................................. 35
2.1.18. Air Suspension ................................................................................................................................... 35
2.1.19. Driver's Brake Control ....................................................................................................................... 35
2.1.20. Pantograph Compressor ................................................................................................................... 35
2.2. ELECTRICAL AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT .......................................................................................................... 37
2.2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 37
2.2.2. On-Board Services ............................................................................................................................... 37
2.2.3. High Voltage and Low Voltage Systems .............................................................................................. 38
2.2.4. Converting HV to LV ............................................................................................................................ 38
2.2.5. Development ....................................................................................................................................... 38
2.2.6. Motor Generators ............................................................................................................................... 39
2.2.7. Motor Alternators ............................................................................................................................... 40
2.2.8. Electronic Auxiliaries ........................................................................................................................... 41
2.2.9. Gaps .................................................................................................................................................... 42
2.3. BOGIE PARTS & DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................... 44
2.3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 44
2.4. WHEELS AND BOGIES ................................................................................................................................. 47
2.4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 47
2.4.2. The Wheel on the Rail ......................................................................................................................... 47
2.4.3. Bogies (Trucks) .................................................................................................................................... 49
2.4.4. Steerable Bogies .................................................................................................................................. 49
2.5. VEHICLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................. 51
2.5.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 51
2.5.2. Development ....................................................................................................................................... 51
2.5.3. Plate Frame Bogie Primary Suspension ............................................................................................... 52
2.5.4. Plate Frame Bogie Secondary Suspension .......................................................................................... 53
2.5.5. Cast Steel Bogies ................................................................................................................................. 54
2.5.6. Equaliser Bar Suspension .................................................................................................................... 56
2.5.7. Rubber Suspension .............................................................................................................................. 57
2.5.8. Air Suspension ..................................................................................................................................... 58
2.6. PBL 90 ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEM ........................................................................... 60
2.6.1. Background ......................................................................................................................................... 60
2.6.2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 60
2.6.3. The Parts of the Brake Control Panel .................................................................................................. 60
2.6.4. Set-up .................................................................................................................................................. 63
2.6.5. Set-up Complete ................................................................................................................................. 63
2.6.6. Release ................................................................................................................................................ 64
2.6.7. Running ............................................................................................................................................... 65
2.6.8. Application .......................................................................................................................................... 66
2.6.9. Maintaining a Constant Brake ............................................................................................................. 67
2.6.10. Partial or Full Release ........................................................................................................................ 67
2.6.11. Electro-Pneumatic Assistance ........................................................................................................... 68
2.7. AIR BRAKES ................................................................................................................................................. 69
2.7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 69
2.7.3. Operation on Each Vehicle .................................................................................................................. 69
2.7.2. Basics ................................................................................................................................................... 69
2.7.3. The Principal Parts of the Air Brake System ........................................................................................ 70
2.7.4 Operation On Each Vehicle .................................................................................................................. 74
2.8. ELECTRICALLY CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BRAKES .................................................................................... 80
2.8.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 80
2.8.2. ECP Brakes - Background ..................................................................................................................... 80
2.8.3. Power Sources ..................................................................................................................................... 81
2.8.4. Manufacturers Systems ...................................................................................................................... 81
2.8.5. Benefits ............................................................................................................................................... 82
2.8.6. Developments ..................................................................................................................................... 82
2.8.7. ECP Record .......................................................................................................................................... 83
2.9. ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC BRAKES ................................................................................................................... 84
2.9.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 84
2.9.2. Background ......................................................................................................................................... 84
2.9.3. Principles of the E-P Brake .................................................................................................................. 84
2.9.4. A Simple E-P Brake System .................................................................................................................. 85
2.9.5. E-P Application .................................................................................................................................... 86
2.9.6. Brake Cylinder Pressure ...................................................................................................................... 86
2.9.7. E-P Brake Release ................................................................................................................................ 87
2.9.8. E-P Control .......................................................................................................................................... 87
2.9.9. E-P Variations ...................................................................................................................................... 88
2.9.10. Self Lapping Brakes ........................................................................................................................... 88
2.9.11. Retardation Controller ...................................................................................................................... 89
2.9.12. Variable Load Control ........................................................................................................................ 90
2.9.13. P-Wire Control ................................................................................................................................... 91
2.9.14. PBL90 System .................................................................................................................................... 91
2.10. VACUUM BRAKES ..................................................................................................................................... 92
2.10.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 92
2.10.2. Basics ................................................................................................................................................. 92
2.10.3. Principal Parts of the Vacuum Brake System .................................................................................... 93
2.10.4.Operation on Each Vehicle ................................................................................................................. 96
2.10.5. Additional Features of the Vacuum Brake ........................................................................................ 98
2.10.6. Other Vacuum Operated Equipment .............................................................................................. 100
2.10.7. Vacuum Brakes on Steam Locomotives .......................................................................................... 100
2.10.8. Comment ......................................................................................................................................... 101
2.11. PASSENGER COACH PARTS ..................................................................................................................... 102
2.12. ELECTRONIC POWER FOR TRAINS .......................................................................................................... 103
2.12.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 103
2.12.2. AC and DC Differences .................................................................................................................... 103
2.12.3. AC Locomotives with DC Drives ...................................................................................................... 104
2.12.4. The Diode ........................................................................................................................................ 105
2.12.5. The Thyristor ................................................................................................................................... 105
2.12.6. SEPEX ............................................................................................................................................... 106
2.12.7. DC Choppers .................................................................................................................................... 108
2.12.8. Dynamic Braking.............................................................................................................................. 109
2.12.9. The GTO Thyristor ........................................................................................................................... 109
2.12.10. AC Motors ..................................................................................................................................... 110
2.12.11. The Asynchronous Motor .............................................................................................................. 110
2.12.12. AC Drive ......................................................................................................................................... 111
2.12.13. IGBT ............................................................................................................................................... 112
2.12.14. Permanent Magnet Motor ............................................................................................................ 112
2.13. ELECTRIC TRACTION DRIVES ................................................................................................................... 113
2.13.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 113
2.13.2. The DC Traction Motor: How it Drives the Axle .............................................................................. 113
2.13.3. AC and DC Motors ........................................................................................................................... 114
2.13.4. Nose Suspended Motor................................................................................................................... 116
2.13.5. Quill Drive ........................................................................................................................................ 117
2.13.6. Monomotor Bogie ........................................................................................................................... 119
2.13.7. Linear Motor ................................................................................................................................... 120
2.14. DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 122
2.14.1. The Diesel Locomotive .................................................................................................................... 122
2.14.2. Parts of a Diesel-Electric Locomotive .............................................................................................. 123
2.14.3. Mechanical Transmission ................................................................................................................ 128
2.14.4. Hydraulic Transmission ................................................................................................................... 129
2.14.5. Wheel Slip ....................................................................................................................................... 130
2.14.6. Diesel Multiple Units (DMUs) .......................................................................................................... 130
2.14.7. The Diesel Engine ............................................................................................................................ 130
2.14.8. Diesel Engine Types ......................................................................................................................... 131
2.14.9. Size Does Count ............................................................................................................................... 132
2.14.10. To V or not to V ............................................................................................................................. 132
2.14.11. Tractive Effort, Pull and Power ..................................................................................................... 133
2.14.12. Starting .......................................................................................................................................... 133
2.14.13. Governor ....................................................................................................................................... 134
2.14.14. Fuel Injection ................................................................................................................................. 135
2.14.15. Fuel Control ................................................................................................................................... 135
2.14.16. Engine Control Development ........................................................................................................ 136
2.14.17. Power Control ............................................................................................................................... 136
2.14.18. Cooling .......................................................................................................................................... 137
2.14.19. Lubrication .................................................................................................................................... 138
2.14.20. Transmissions ................................................................................................................................ 138
2.14.21. Diesel-Electric Types ..................................................................................................................... 139
2.15. ROLLING STOCK MANUFACTURING ....................................................................................................... 140
2.15.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 140
2.15.2. The Process ..................................................................................................................................... 140
2.15.3. Timescales ....................................................................................................................................... 140
2.15.4. Design .............................................................................................................................................. 141
2.15.5. Long Lead Ordering ......................................................................................................................... 142
2.15.6. Jigs and Tools .................................................................................................................................. 142
2.15.7. Manufacturing Engineering ............................................................................................................. 145
2.15.8. Configuration Control ...................................................................................................................... 145
2.15.9. Production Control .......................................................................................................................... 146
2.15.10. Materials & Equipment Buying ..................................................................................................... 146
2.15.11. Parts Manufacture ........................................................................................................................ 147
2.15.12. Underframe ................................................................................................................................... 148
2.15.13. Sides .............................................................................................................................................. 152
2.15.14. Bodyshell Assembly ....................................................................................................................... 152
2.15.15. Underframe Invert ........................................................................................................................ 159
2.15.16. Roof ............................................................................................................................................... 159
2.15.17. Ends ............................................................................................................................................... 160
2.15.18. Painting ......................................................................................................................................... 160
2.15.19. Transport ....................................................................................................................................... 162
2.15.20. Bogie Construction ........................................................................................................................ 162
2.15.21. Wheels and Axles .......................................................................................................................... 164
2.15.22. Bogie Assembly ............................................................................................................................. 166
2.15.23. Wiring ............................................................................................................................................ 167
2.15.24. Piping ............................................................................................................................................. 167
2.15.25. Fitting Out ..................................................................................................................................... 168
2.15.26. Testing ........................................................................................................................................... 177
2.15.27. Commissioning .............................................................................................................................. 178
2.15.28. Delivery ......................................................................................................................................... 179
2.16. MULTIPLE UNIT OPERATION .................................................................................................................. 183
2.16.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 183
2.16.2. Origins ............................................................................................................................................. 183
2.16.3. The Relay ......................................................................................................................................... 184
2.16.4. The Contactor .................................................................................................................................. 185
2.16.5. Multiple Unit Control ...................................................................................................................... 186
2.16.6. Forward and Reverse ...................................................................................................................... 187
2.16.7. Modern Control Systems................................................................................................................. 188
2.17. MULTI-DECK TRAINS ............................................................................................................................... 189
2.17.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 189
2.17.2. Background ..................................................................................................................................... 189
2.17.3. The UK Experiment .......................................................................................................................... 189
2.17.4. Europe ............................................................................................................................................. 189
2.17.5. North America ................................................................................................................................. 191
2.17.6. Freight ............................................................................................................................................. 192
2.18. TRAIN MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................................................ 194
2.18.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 194
2.18.2. Background ..................................................................................................................................... 194
2.18.3. Maintenance Facilities .................................................................................................................... 194
2.18.4. Access .............................................................................................................................................. 195
2.18.5. Cleaning and Stabling ...................................................................................................................... 195
2.18.6. Toilets .............................................................................................................................................. 196
2.18.7. Train Washing Machines ................................................................................................................. 197
2.18.8. Wheel Lathe .................................................................................................................................... 198
2.18.9. Leaves on the Line ........................................................................................................................... 201
2.18.10. Inspection Sheds ........................................................................................................................... 202
2.18.11. Shore Supplies ............................................................................................................................... 203
2.18.12. Lifting............................................................................................................................................. 207
2.18.13. Maintenance Workshops .............................................................................................................. 211
2.18.14. Maintenance Programmes ............................................................................................................ 212
2.18.15. Failures .......................................................................................................................................... 213
2.18.16. Performance Measures ................................................................................................................. 214
2.18.17. The Development of Train Maintenance ...................................................................................... 215
2.19. WHEEL ARRANGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 217
2.19.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 217
2.19.2. Modern Diesel and Electric Locomotives ........................................................................................ 217
2.19.3. Older Designs .................................................................................................................................. 219
2.19.4. Steam Locomotives ......................................................................................................................... 220
TRAIN OPERATIONS ............................................................................................ 221
3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 221
3.2. Definitions ................................................................................................................................................ 221
3.3. The Objective ........................................................................................................................................... 221
3.4. Locomotive Hauled Trains ........................................................................................................................ 222
3.5. Terminal Operations ................................................................................................................................ 222
3.6. Multiple Unit Operation ........................................................................................................................... 223
3.7. Push-Pull Operation ................................................................................................................................. 224
3.8. High Speed Multiple Units........................................................................................................................ 225
3.9. Headway ................................................................................................................................................... 225
3.10. Terminals, Loops and Turnbacks ............................................................................................................ 226
3.11. Train Service Planning ............................................................................................................................ 228
3.12. Round Trip Time ..................................................................................................................................... 229
3.13. Train Loading .......................................................................................................................................... 230
3.14. Rolling Stock Calculations ....................................................................................................................... 230
3.15. Rolling Stock Operation .......................................................................................................................... 231
3.16. Stock Balance ......................................................................................................................................... 231
3.17. Working Timetable ................................................................................................................................. 232
3.18. Timekeeping ........................................................................................................................................... 232
3.19. Recovery Time ........................................................................................................................................ 233
3.20. Terminal Occupation .............................................................................................................................. 233
3.21. Stepping Back ......................................................................................................................................... 234
3.22. Double-Ending ........................................................................................................................................ 234
3.23. Crew names ............................................................................................................................................ 235
3.24. Crew Hours And Numbers ...................................................................................................................... 236
4. SIGNALLING PAGES INDEX .............................................................................. 238
4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 238
4.2. THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRINCIPLES OF UK SIGNALLING ....................................................................... 238
4.2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 238
4.2.2. Background ....................................................................................................................................... 238
4.2.3. Pioneer Signalling .............................................................................................................................. 238
4.2.4. The Time Interval System .................................................................................................................. 239
4.2.5. Line Capacity ..................................................................................................................................... 239
4.2.6. Fixed Signalling .................................................................................................................................. 239
4.2.7. Distant Signals ................................................................................................................................... 240
4.2.8. Interlocking ....................................................................................................................................... 240
4.2.9. Blocks ................................................................................................................................................ 241
4.2.10. The Track Circuit .............................................................................................................................. 241
4.2.11. Track Circuit - Block Unoccupied ..................................................................................................... 242
4.2.12. Track Circuit - Block Occupied ......................................................................................................... 243
4.2.13. Multi-Aspect Signals ........................................................................................................................ 243
4.2.14. Four-Aspect Signalling ..................................................................................................................... 244
4.2.15. A Safe Braking Distance ................................................................................................................... 245
4.2.16. The Overlap ..................................................................................................................................... 245
4.3. TRAIN PROTECTION IN THE UK ................................................................................................................. 247
4.3.1. Background ....................................................................................................................................... 247
4.3.2. AWS - Automatic Warning System .................................................................................................... 247
4.3.3. Enforcement ...................................................................................................................................... 249
4.3.4. TPWS ................................................................................................................................................. 249
4.3.5. What TPWS Does .............................................................................................................................. 251
4.3.6. What TPWS Does Not Do .................................................................................................................. 251
4.3.7. ATP (Automatic Train Protection) or TPWS ....................................................................................... 252
4.3.8. ERTMS ............................................................................................................................................... 252
4.3.9. Comment ........................................................................................................................................... 252
4.4. BRITISH SIGNALLING - WHAT THE DRIVER SEES ....................................................................................... 254
4.4.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 254
4.4.2. Semaphore Signals ............................................................................................................................ 254
4.4.3. Semaphore Signal Parts..................................................................................................................... 254
4.4.4. Types of Semaphore Signal ............................................................................................................... 255
4.4.5. Junction Signals ................................................................................................................................. 257
4.4.6. Subsidiary Signals .............................................................................................................................. 258
4.4.7. Colour Light Signals ........................................................................................................................... 259
4.4.8. 4-Aspect Operating Sequence ........................................................................................................... 260
4.4.9. Route Signalling ................................................................................................................................. 260
4.4.10. Modern Shunt Signal ....................................................................................................................... 262
4.4.11. Some Photos ................................................................................................................................... 262
4.5. METRO SIGNALLING ................................................................................................................................. 264
4.5.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 264
4.5.2. The Overlap ....................................................................................................................................... 265
4.5.3. Track-Circuited Overlaps ................................................................................................................... 266
4.5.4. Absolute Block ................................................................................................................................... 267
4.5.5. Automatic Train Protection ............................................................................................................... 268
4.5.6. ATP Speed Codes ............................................................................................................................... 268
4.5.7. Operating with ATP ........................................................................................................................... 269
4.5.8. Distance-to-Go .................................................................................................................................. 270
4.5.9. Speed Monitoring .............................................................................................................................. 271
4.5.10. Operation with Distance-to-Go ....................................................................................................... 271
4.6. ATP BEACONS AND MOVING BLOCK ........................................................................................................ 273
4.6.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 273
4.6.2. ATP Code Transmission ..................................................................................................................... 273
4.6.3. Beacon Transmission ......................................................................................................................... 274
4.6.4. Operation With Beacons ................................................................................................................... 275
4.6.5. Intermittent Updates ........................................................................................................................ 276
4.6.6. Moving Block - The Theory ................................................................................................................ 276
4.6.7. Moving Block and Radio Transmission .............................................................................................. 277
4.6.8. Moving Block - Location Updates ...................................................................................................... 278
4.6.9. An Early Moving Block System .......................................................................................................... 279
4.6.10. Moving Block - Why Do We Need It? .............................................................................................. 279
4.7. AUTOMATIC TRAIN OPERATION .............................................................................................................. 281
4.7.1. ATO .................................................................................................................................................... 281
4.7.2. Metro Station Stops .......................................................................................................................... 281
4.7.3. Multi Home Signalling - Approach..................................................................................................... 283
4.7.4. Multi Home Signalling - Run In .......................................................................................................... 283
4.7.5. ATO/ATP Multi Home Signalling ........................................................................................................ 284
4.7.6. ATO Docking and Starting ................................................................................................................. 284
4.8. AUTOMATIC TRAIN CONTROL (ATC) ........................................................................................................ 286
4.8.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 286
4.8.2. Definition of ATC ............................................................................................................................... 286
4.8.3. The ATC Package ............................................................................................................................... 286
4.8.4. Moving Block ..................................................................................................................................... 288
4.9. ROUTE SIGNALLING .................................................................................................................................. 289
4.9.1. Junctions ........................................................................................................................................... 289
4.9.2. Route and Track Locking ................................................................................................................... 289
4.9.3. Signals at Junctions ........................................................................................................................... 290
4.9.4. Interlocking ....................................................................................................................................... 291
4.9.5. Route Signalling - The Signalman's Display ....................................................................................... 291
4.9.6. Route Set-up ..................................................................................................................................... 292
4.9.7. Train Movement Sequences ............................................................................................................. 293
4.10. SINGLE LINE OPERATION ........................................................................................................................ 299
4.10.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 299
4.10.2. One Engine In Steam ....................................................................................................................... 299
4.10.3. Single Line Operation in the US ....................................................................................................... 299
4.10.4. The Timetable ................................................................................................................................. 300
4.10.5. Train Speed Rules (US) .................................................................................................................... 300
4.10.6. Train Spacing ................................................................................................................................... 300
4.10.7. Train Orders .................................................................................................................................... 300
4.10.8. Track Warrants ................................................................................................................................ 301
4.10.9. Unsignalled Operations in the US ................................................................................................... 302
4.10.10. Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) ................................................................................................... 302
4.10.11. Single Line Operation (UK) ............................................................................................................ 302
4.10.12. Staff and Ticket System ................................................................................................................. 303
4.10.13. Electric Token Block ...................................................................................................................... 303
4.10.14. Radio Electronic Token Block (RETB) ............................................................................................. 304
4.11. US RAILROAD SIGNALLING ..................................................................................................................... 306
4.11.1. Basic Differences (UK-US): .............................................................................................................. 306
4.11.2. US Signal Layouts ............................................................................................................................ 308
4.11.3. Precedence ...................................................................................................................................... 309
4.11.4. Train Orders and Track Warrants .................................................................................................... 309
4.11.5. Signalling Commands ...................................................................................................................... 309
4.11.6. Interlocking Signals ......................................................................................................................... 310
4.11.7. Types of Signals ............................................................................................................................... 312
4.11.8. The Imposition of ATS/ATC ............................................................................................................. 314
4.11.9. Types of ATS/ATC ............................................................................................................................ 314
5.RAILWAY STATION DESIGN .............................................................................. 317
5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 317
5.2. Background .............................................................................................................................................. 317
5.3. Station and Crossing Safety ...................................................................................................................... 317
5.4. Platforms .................................................................................................................................................. 318
4.10. SINGLE LINE OPERATION ........................................................................................................................ 299
4.10.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 299
4.10.2. One Engine In Steam ....................................................................................................................... 299
4.10.3. Single Line Operation in the US ....................................................................................................... 299
4.10.4. The Timetable ................................................................................................................................. 300
4.10.5. Train Speed Rules (US) .................................................................................................................... 300
4.10.6. Train Spacing ................................................................................................................................... 300
4.10.7. Train Orders .................................................................................................................................... 300
4.10.8. Track Warrants ................................................................................................................................ 301
4.10.9. Unsignalled Operations in the US ................................................................................................... 302
4.10.10. Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) ................................................................................................... 302
4.10.11. Single Line Operation (UK) ............................................................................................................ 302
4.10.12. Staff and Ticket System ................................................................................................................. 303
4.10.13. Electric Token Block ...................................................................................................................... 303
4.10.14. Radio Electronic Token Block (RETB) ............................................................................................. 304
4.11. US RAILROAD SIGNALLING ..................................................................................................................... 306
4.11.1. Basic Differences (UK-US): .............................................................................................................. 306
4.11.2. US Signal Layouts ............................................................................................................................ 308
4.11.3. Precedence ...................................................................................................................................... 309
4.11.4. Train Orders and Track Warrants .................................................................................................... 309
4.11.5. Signalling Commands ...................................................................................................................... 309
4.11.6. Interlocking Signals ......................................................................................................................... 310
4.11.7. Types of Signals ............................................................................................................................... 312
4.11.8. The Imposition of ATS/ATC ............................................................................................................. 314
4.11.9. Types of ATS/ATC ............................................................................................................................ 314
5.RAILWAY STATION DESIGN .............................................................................. 317
5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 317
5.2. Background .............................................................................................................................................. 317
5.3. Station and Crossing Safety ...................................................................................................................... 317
5.4. Platforms .................................................................................................................................................. 318
5.5. Platform Screens and Doors ..................................................................................................................... 319
5.6. Entrances and Exits .................................................................................................................................. 321
5.7. Passenger Information ............................................................................................................................. 323
5.8. Toilets ....................................................................................................................................................... 325
5.9. Concessions .............................................................................................................................................. 325
5.10. Station Design ........................................................................................................................................ 326
5.11. Side Platform Station ............................................................................................................................. 326
5.12. Island Platform Station ........................................................................................................................... 327
5.13. Elevated Station with Side Platforms ..................................................................................................... 328
5.14. Elevated Station with Ticket Hall Below Platforms ................................................................................ 328
5.15. Lifts and Escalators ................................................................................................................................. 329
5.16. Examples of Good Station Design Features ........................................................................................... 330
6. INFRASTRUCTURE .......................................................................................... 332
6.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 332
6.2. Background .............................................................................................................................................. 332
6.3. Basic Construction .................................................................................................................................... 332
6.4. The Sub-Structure .................................................................................................................................... 333
6.5. Ballast ....................................................................................................................................................... 334
6.6. Track ......................................................................................................................................................... 334
6.7. Sleepers (Ties) .......................................................................................................................................... 334
6.8. Rail ............................................................................................................................................................ 337
6.9. Rail Welding ............................................................................................................................................. 340
6.10. Gauge ..................................................................................................................................................... 340
6.11. Modern Track Forms .............................................................................................................................. 341
6.12. Ballasted vs Non-Ballasted Track ........................................................................................................... 341
6.13. Structures ............................................................................................................................................... 342
6.14. Gauging .................................................................................................................................................. 343
6.15. Monuments and Datum Plates .............................................................................................................. 343
6.16. Curves ..................................................................................................................................................... 343
6.17. Cant ........................................................................................................................................................ 344
6.18. Turnouts ................................................................................................................................................. 344
6.19. Crossings ................................................................................................................................................ 345
6.20. Types of Turnouts ................................................................................................................................... 346
6.21. Examples of Turnouts ............................................................................................................................. 347
7. GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................... 351
7.1. TRAIN BRAKING GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................................... 351
7.2. ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE GLOSSARY .......................................................................................................... 376
7.2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 376
7.2.2. Electric Locomotive Parts .................................................................................................................. 376
7.3. STEAM GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................................... 384

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