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EBOOK - Advanced Distillation Technologies - Design, Control and Applications (Anton Alexandru Kiss)
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Distillation has historically been the main method for separating mixtures in the chemical process industry. However, despite the flexibility and widespread use of distillation processes, they still remain extremely energy inefficient. Increased optimization and novel distillation concepts can deliver substantial benefits, not just in terms of significantly lower energy use, but also in reducing capital investment and improving eco-efficiency. While likely to remain the separation technology of choice for the next few decades, there is no doubt that distillation technologies need to make radical changes in order to meet the demands of the energy-conscious society.
Advanced Distillation Technologies: Design, Control and Applications gives a deep and broad insight into integrated separations using non-conventional arrangements, including both current and upcoming process intensification technologies.
It includes:
Key concepts in distillation technology
Principles of design, control, sizing and economics of distillation
Dividing-wall column (DWC) – design, configurations, optimal operation and energy efficient and advanced control
DWC applications in ternary separations, azeotropic, extractive and reactive distillation
Heat integrated distillation column (HIDiC) – design, equipment and configurations
Heat-pump assisted applications (MVR, TVR, AHP, CHRP, TAHP and others)
Cyclic distillation technology – concepts, modeling approach, design and control issues
Reactive distillation – fundamentals, equipment, applications, feasibility scheme
Results of rigorous simulations in Mathworks Matlab & Simulink, Aspen Plus, Dynamics and Custom Modeler
Containing abundant examples and industrial case studies, this is a unique resource that tackles the most advanced distillation technologies – all the way from the conceptual design to practical implementation.
CONTENTS:
Acknowledgements xv
1 Basic Concepts in Distillation 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Physical Property Methods 2
1.3 Vapor Pressure 6
1.4 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and VLE Non-ideality 8
1.4.1 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium 8
1.4.2 VLE Non-ideality 11
1.5 Relative Volatility 13
1.6 Bubble Point Calculations 14
1.7 Ternary Diagrams and Residue Curve Maps 16
1.7.1 Ternary Diagrams 16
1.7.2 Residue Curve Maps 18
1.8 Analysis of Distillation Columns 24
1.8.1 Degrees of Freedom Analysis 26
1.8.2 McCabe–Thiele Method 27
1.8.3 Approximate Multicomponent Methods 33
1.9 Concluding Remarks 34
References 35
2 Design, Control and Economics of Distillation 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Design Principles 38
2.2.1 Operating Pressure 39
2.2.2 Heuristic Optimization 40
2.2.3 Rigorous Optimization 41
2.2.4 Feed Preheating 42
2.2.5 Intermediate Reboilers and Condensers 42
2.2.6 Heat Integration 43
2.3 Basics of Distillation Control 44
2.3.1 Single-End Control 46
2.3.2 Dual-End Control 49
2.3.3 Alternative Control Structures 52
2.3.4 Constraint Control 53
2.3.5 Multivariable Control 54
2.4 Economic Evaluation 55
2.4.1 Equipment Sizing 56
2.4.2 Equipment Cost 59
2.4.3 Utilities and Energy Cost 62
2.4.4 Cost of Chemicals 63
2.5 Concluding Remarks 63
References 64
3 Dividing-Wall Column 67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 DWC Configurations 70
3.3 Design of DWCs 75
3.3.1 Heuristic Rules for DWC Design 77
3.3.2 Approximate Design Methods 78
3.3.3 VminDiagram Method 79
3.3.4 Optimal Design of a DWC 82
3.4 Modeling of a DWC 83
3.4.1 Pump-Around Model 84
3.4.2 Two Columns Sequence Model 84
3.4.3 Four Columns Sequence Model 85
3.4.4 Simultaneous Models 86
3.4.5 Simulation of a Four-Product DWC 86
3.4.6 Optimization Methods 86
3.5 DWC Equipment 87
3.5.1 Liquid/Reflux Splitter 89
3.5.2 Column Internals 91
3.5.3 Equipment Sizing 91
3.5.4 Constructional Aspects 94
3.6 Case Study: Separation of Aromatics 97
3.7 Concluding Remarks 103
References 107
viii CONTENTS
4 Optimal Operation and Control of DWC 111
4.1 Introduction 111
4.2 Degrees of Freedom Analysis 112
4.3 Optimal Operation and VminDiagram 114
4.4 Overview of DWC Control Structures 117
4.4.1 Three-Point Control Structure 118
4.4.2 Three-Point Control Structure with
Alternative Pairing 120
4.4.3 Four-Point Control Structure 121
4.4.4 Three-Point Control Structure with
Nested Loops 121
4.4.5 Performance Control of Prefractionator
Sub-system using the Liquid Split 122
4.4.6 Control Structures Based on Inferential
Temperature Measurements 123
4.4.7 Feedforward Control to Reject Frequent
Measurable Disturbances 126
4.4.8 Advanced Control Techniques 127
4.5 Control Guidelines and Rules 128
4.6 Case Study: Pentane–Hexane–Heptane Separation 129
4.7 Case Study: Energy Efficient Control of a BTX DWC 132
4.7.1 Energy Efficient Control Strategies 135
4.7.2 Dynamic Simulations 139
4.8 Concluding Remarks 148
References 149
5 Advanced Control Strategies for DWC 153
5.1 Introduction 153
5.2 Overview of Previous Work 154
5.3 Dynamic Model of a DWC 156
5.4 Conventional versus Advanced Control Strategies 163
5.4.1 PID Loops within a Multi-loop Framework 163
5.4.2 Linear Quadratic Gaussian Control 165
5.4.3 Generic Model Control 167
5.4.4 Multivariable Controller Synthesis 167
5.5 Energy Efficient Control Strategies 171
5.5.1 Background of Model Predictive Control 173
5.5.2 Controller Tuning Parameters 175
5.5.3 Dynamic Simulations 176
5.6 Concluding Remarks 180
CONTENTS ix
Notation 181
References 183
6 Applications of Dividing-Wall Columns 187
6.1 Introduction 187
6.2 Separation of Ternary and Multicomponent Mixtures 188
6.3 Reactive Dividing-Wall Column 195
6.4 Azeotropic Dividing-Wall Column 198
6.5 Extractive Dividing-Wall Column 199
6.6 Revamping of Conventional Columns to DWC 203
6.7 Case Study: Dimethyl Ether Synthesis by R-DWC 205
6.8 Case Study: Bioethanol Dehydration by A-DWC and
E-DWC 212
6.9 Concluding Remarks 223
References 223
7 Heat Pump Assisted Distillation 229
7.1 Introduction 229
7.2 Working Principle 231
7.3 Vapor (Re)compression 232
7.3.1 Vapor Compression 233
7.3.2 Mechanical Vapor Recompression 233
7.3.3 Thermal Vapor Recompression 234
7.4 Absorption–Resorption Heat Pumps 234
7.4.1 Absorption Heat Pump 234
7.4.2 Compression–Resorption Heat Pump 235
7.5 Thermo-acoustic Heat Pump 236
7.6 Other Heat Pumps 240
7.6.1 Stirling Cycle 240
7.6.2 Vuilleumier Cycle 241
7.6.3 Brayton Cycle 241
7.6.4 Malone Cycle 242
7.6.5 Solid–Sorption Cycle 242
7.7 Heat-Integrated Distillation Column 244
7.8 Technology Selection Scheme 245
7.8.1 Energy Efficient Distillation
Technologies 246
7.8.2 Multicomponent Separations 249
7.8.3 Binary Distillation 254
7.8.4 Selected Scheme Applications 263
x CONTENTS
7.9 Concluding Remarks 265
References 265
8 Heat-Integrated Distillation Column 271
8.1 Introduction 271
8.2 Working Principle 273
8.3 Thermodynamic Analysis 277
8.4 Potential Energy Savings 280
8.4.1 Partial Heat Integrated Distillation Column
(p-HIDiC) 280
8.4.2 Ideal Heat Integrated Distillation Column
(i-HIDiC) 281
8.5 Design and Construction Options 282
8.5.1 Inter-coupled Distillation Columns 284
8.5.2 Distillation Column with Partition Wall 285
8.5.3 Concentric Distillation Column 287
8.5.4 Concentric Column with Heat Panels 288
8.5.5 Shell & Tube Heat-Exchanger Column 289
8.5.6 Plate-Fin Heat-Exchanger Column 290
8.5.7 Heat Transfer Means 292
8.6 Modeling and Simulation 295
8.7 Process Dynamics, Control, and Operation 297
8.8 Applications of HIDiC 300
8.9 Concluding Remarks 304
References 305
9 Cyclic Distillation 311
9.1 Introduction 311
9.2 Overview of Cyclic Distillation Processes 313
9.3 Process Description 316
9.4 Mathematical and Hydrodynamic Model 319
9.4.1 Mathematical Model 319
9.4.2 Hydrodynamic Model 321
9.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis 323
9.5 Modeling and Design of Cyclic Distillation 327
9.5.1 Modeling Approach 329
9.5.2 Comparison with Classic Distillation 331
9.5.3 Design Methodology 331
9.5.4 Demonstration of the Design Procedure 333
9.6 Control of Cyclic Distillation 335
CONTENTS xi
9.7 Cyclic Distillation Case Studies 338
9.7.1 Ethanol–Water Stripping and Concentration 338
9.7.2 Methanol–Water Separation 341
9.8 Concluding Remarks 347
References 349
10 Reactive Distillation 353
10.1 Introduction 353
10.2 Principles of Reactive Distillation 354
10.3 Design, Control and Applications 357
10.4 Modeling Reactive Distillation 362
10.5 Feasibility and Technical Evaluation 364
10.5.1 Feasibility Evaluation 364
10.5.2 Technical Evaluation 367
10.6 Case Study: Advanced Control of a Reactive
Distillation Column 371
10.6.1 Mathematical Model 371
10.6.2 Open-Loop Dynamic Analysis 374
10.6.3 Closed-Loop Performance 374
10.7 Case Study: Biodiesel Production by
Heat-Integrated RD 378
10.8 Case Study: Fatty Esters Synthesis by Dual RD 383
10.9 Concluding Remarks 387
References 388
Index
Distillation has historically been the main method for separating mixtures in the chemical process industry. However, despite the flexibility and widespread use of distillation processes, they still remain extremely energy inefficient. Increased optimization and novel distillation concepts can deliver substantial benefits, not just in terms of significantly lower energy use, but also in reducing capital investment and improving eco-efficiency. While likely to remain the separation technology of choice for the next few decades, there is no doubt that distillation technologies need to make radical changes in order to meet the demands of the energy-conscious society.
Advanced Distillation Technologies: Design, Control and Applications gives a deep and broad insight into integrated separations using non-conventional arrangements, including both current and upcoming process intensification technologies.
It includes:
Key concepts in distillation technology
Principles of design, control, sizing and economics of distillation
Dividing-wall column (DWC) – design, configurations, optimal operation and energy efficient and advanced control
DWC applications in ternary separations, azeotropic, extractive and reactive distillation
Heat integrated distillation column (HIDiC) – design, equipment and configurations
Heat-pump assisted applications (MVR, TVR, AHP, CHRP, TAHP and others)
Cyclic distillation technology – concepts, modeling approach, design and control issues
Reactive distillation – fundamentals, equipment, applications, feasibility scheme
Results of rigorous simulations in Mathworks Matlab & Simulink, Aspen Plus, Dynamics and Custom Modeler
Containing abundant examples and industrial case studies, this is a unique resource that tackles the most advanced distillation technologies – all the way from the conceptual design to practical implementation.
CONTENTS:
Acknowledgements xv
1 Basic Concepts in Distillation 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Physical Property Methods 2
1.3 Vapor Pressure 6
1.4 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and VLE Non-ideality 8
1.4.1 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium 8
1.4.2 VLE Non-ideality 11
1.5 Relative Volatility 13
1.6 Bubble Point Calculations 14
1.7 Ternary Diagrams and Residue Curve Maps 16
1.7.1 Ternary Diagrams 16
1.7.2 Residue Curve Maps 18
1.8 Analysis of Distillation Columns 24
1.8.1 Degrees of Freedom Analysis 26
1.8.2 McCabe–Thiele Method 27
1.8.3 Approximate Multicomponent Methods 33
1.9 Concluding Remarks 34
References 35
2 Design, Control and Economics of Distillation 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Design Principles 38
2.2.1 Operating Pressure 39
2.2.2 Heuristic Optimization 40
2.2.3 Rigorous Optimization 41
2.2.4 Feed Preheating 42
2.2.5 Intermediate Reboilers and Condensers 42
2.2.6 Heat Integration 43
2.3 Basics of Distillation Control 44
2.3.1 Single-End Control 46
2.3.2 Dual-End Control 49
2.3.3 Alternative Control Structures 52
2.3.4 Constraint Control 53
2.3.5 Multivariable Control 54
2.4 Economic Evaluation 55
2.4.1 Equipment Sizing 56
2.4.2 Equipment Cost 59
2.4.3 Utilities and Energy Cost 62
2.4.4 Cost of Chemicals 63
2.5 Concluding Remarks 63
References 64
3 Dividing-Wall Column 67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 DWC Configurations 70
3.3 Design of DWCs 75
3.3.1 Heuristic Rules for DWC Design 77
3.3.2 Approximate Design Methods 78
3.3.3 VminDiagram Method 79
3.3.4 Optimal Design of a DWC 82
3.4 Modeling of a DWC 83
3.4.1 Pump-Around Model 84
3.4.2 Two Columns Sequence Model 84
3.4.3 Four Columns Sequence Model 85
3.4.4 Simultaneous Models 86
3.4.5 Simulation of a Four-Product DWC 86
3.4.6 Optimization Methods 86
3.5 DWC Equipment 87
3.5.1 Liquid/Reflux Splitter 89
3.5.2 Column Internals 91
3.5.3 Equipment Sizing 91
3.5.4 Constructional Aspects 94
3.6 Case Study: Separation of Aromatics 97
3.7 Concluding Remarks 103
References 107
viii CONTENTS
4 Optimal Operation and Control of DWC 111
4.1 Introduction 111
4.2 Degrees of Freedom Analysis 112
4.3 Optimal Operation and VminDiagram 114
4.4 Overview of DWC Control Structures 117
4.4.1 Three-Point Control Structure 118
4.4.2 Three-Point Control Structure with
Alternative Pairing 120
4.4.3 Four-Point Control Structure 121
4.4.4 Three-Point Control Structure with
Nested Loops 121
4.4.5 Performance Control of Prefractionator
Sub-system using the Liquid Split 122
4.4.6 Control Structures Based on Inferential
Temperature Measurements 123
4.4.7 Feedforward Control to Reject Frequent
Measurable Disturbances 126
4.4.8 Advanced Control Techniques 127
4.5 Control Guidelines and Rules 128
4.6 Case Study: Pentane–Hexane–Heptane Separation 129
4.7 Case Study: Energy Efficient Control of a BTX DWC 132
4.7.1 Energy Efficient Control Strategies 135
4.7.2 Dynamic Simulations 139
4.8 Concluding Remarks 148
References 149
5 Advanced Control Strategies for DWC 153
5.1 Introduction 153
5.2 Overview of Previous Work 154
5.3 Dynamic Model of a DWC 156
5.4 Conventional versus Advanced Control Strategies 163
5.4.1 PID Loops within a Multi-loop Framework 163
5.4.2 Linear Quadratic Gaussian Control 165
5.4.3 Generic Model Control 167
5.4.4 Multivariable Controller Synthesis 167
5.5 Energy Efficient Control Strategies 171
5.5.1 Background of Model Predictive Control 173
5.5.2 Controller Tuning Parameters 175
5.5.3 Dynamic Simulations 176
5.6 Concluding Remarks 180
CONTENTS ix
Notation 181
References 183
6 Applications of Dividing-Wall Columns 187
6.1 Introduction 187
6.2 Separation of Ternary and Multicomponent Mixtures 188
6.3 Reactive Dividing-Wall Column 195
6.4 Azeotropic Dividing-Wall Column 198
6.5 Extractive Dividing-Wall Column 199
6.6 Revamping of Conventional Columns to DWC 203
6.7 Case Study: Dimethyl Ether Synthesis by R-DWC 205
6.8 Case Study: Bioethanol Dehydration by A-DWC and
E-DWC 212
6.9 Concluding Remarks 223
References 223
7 Heat Pump Assisted Distillation 229
7.1 Introduction 229
7.2 Working Principle 231
7.3 Vapor (Re)compression 232
7.3.1 Vapor Compression 233
7.3.2 Mechanical Vapor Recompression 233
7.3.3 Thermal Vapor Recompression 234
7.4 Absorption–Resorption Heat Pumps 234
7.4.1 Absorption Heat Pump 234
7.4.2 Compression–Resorption Heat Pump 235
7.5 Thermo-acoustic Heat Pump 236
7.6 Other Heat Pumps 240
7.6.1 Stirling Cycle 240
7.6.2 Vuilleumier Cycle 241
7.6.3 Brayton Cycle 241
7.6.4 Malone Cycle 242
7.6.5 Solid–Sorption Cycle 242
7.7 Heat-Integrated Distillation Column 244
7.8 Technology Selection Scheme 245
7.8.1 Energy Efficient Distillation
Technologies 246
7.8.2 Multicomponent Separations 249
7.8.3 Binary Distillation 254
7.8.4 Selected Scheme Applications 263
x CONTENTS
7.9 Concluding Remarks 265
References 265
8 Heat-Integrated Distillation Column 271
8.1 Introduction 271
8.2 Working Principle 273
8.3 Thermodynamic Analysis 277
8.4 Potential Energy Savings 280
8.4.1 Partial Heat Integrated Distillation Column
(p-HIDiC) 280
8.4.2 Ideal Heat Integrated Distillation Column
(i-HIDiC) 281
8.5 Design and Construction Options 282
8.5.1 Inter-coupled Distillation Columns 284
8.5.2 Distillation Column with Partition Wall 285
8.5.3 Concentric Distillation Column 287
8.5.4 Concentric Column with Heat Panels 288
8.5.5 Shell & Tube Heat-Exchanger Column 289
8.5.6 Plate-Fin Heat-Exchanger Column 290
8.5.7 Heat Transfer Means 292
8.6 Modeling and Simulation 295
8.7 Process Dynamics, Control, and Operation 297
8.8 Applications of HIDiC 300
8.9 Concluding Remarks 304
References 305
9 Cyclic Distillation 311
9.1 Introduction 311
9.2 Overview of Cyclic Distillation Processes 313
9.3 Process Description 316
9.4 Mathematical and Hydrodynamic Model 319
9.4.1 Mathematical Model 319
9.4.2 Hydrodynamic Model 321
9.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis 323
9.5 Modeling and Design of Cyclic Distillation 327
9.5.1 Modeling Approach 329
9.5.2 Comparison with Classic Distillation 331
9.5.3 Design Methodology 331
9.5.4 Demonstration of the Design Procedure 333
9.6 Control of Cyclic Distillation 335
CONTENTS xi
9.7 Cyclic Distillation Case Studies 338
9.7.1 Ethanol–Water Stripping and Concentration 338
9.7.2 Methanol–Water Separation 341
9.8 Concluding Remarks 347
References 349
10 Reactive Distillation 353
10.1 Introduction 353
10.2 Principles of Reactive Distillation 354
10.3 Design, Control and Applications 357
10.4 Modeling Reactive Distillation 362
10.5 Feasibility and Technical Evaluation 364
10.5.1 Feasibility Evaluation 364
10.5.2 Technical Evaluation 367
10.6 Case Study: Advanced Control of a Reactive
Distillation Column 371
10.6.1 Mathematical Model 371
10.6.2 Open-Loop Dynamic Analysis 374
10.6.3 Closed-Loop Performance 374
10.7 Case Study: Biodiesel Production by
Heat-Integrated RD 378
10.8 Case Study: Fatty Esters Synthesis by Dual RD 383
10.9 Concluding Remarks 387
References 388
Index
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