EBOOK - Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) - Design Guide (ASHRAE)
EBOOK - Phân phối không khí dưới sàn (UFAD) - Hướng dẫn thiết kế (ASHRAE)
Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Chapter 1—Introduction 1
1.1 Purpose of Guide 1
1.2 System Description 2
1.3 Background 7
1.4 Benefits 11
1.4.1 Improved thermal comfort 11
1.4.2 Improved ventilation efficiency
and indoor air quality 12
1.4.3 Reduced energy use 12
1.4.4 Reduced life-cycle building costs 13
1.4.5 Reduced floor-to-floor height
in new construction 14
1.4.6 Improved productivity and health 14
1.5 Technology Needs 14
1.5.1 New and unfamiliar technology 15
1.5.2 Lack of information and
design guidelines 15
1.5.3 Gaps in fundamental understanding 15
1.5.4 Perceived higher costs 16
1.5.5 Limited applicability to retrofit
construction 16
1.5.6 Problems with applicable
standards and codes 17
1.5.7 Cold feet and draft discomfort 17
1.5.8 Problems with spillage and dirt entering
UFAD systems 18
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Licensee=Australia/5940240024
Not for Resale, 09/28/2010 02:18:33 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,`,`,,,`,`,,,```,,``,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CONTENTS
vi
1.5.9 Condensation problems and
dehumidification in UFAD systems 18
1.6 Applications 19
1.7 Organization of Guide 20
Chapter 2—Room Air Distribution 23
2.1 Conventional Overhead Mixing Systems 23
2.2 Displacement Ventilation and
Conditioning Systems 24
2.3 UFAD Systems 31
2.3.1 UFAD Room Air Distribution Model 31
2.3.2 Temperature Near the Floor 35
2.3.3 Stratification Height 36
2.3.4 Controlling Stratification 37
Chapter 3—Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality 41
3.1 Thermal Comfort Standards 43
3.2 Personal Control 44
3.3 Thermal Stratification 49
3.4 Ventilation Performance 49
3.5 Productivity 50
Chapter 4—Underfloor Air Supply Plenums 53
4.1 Description 53
4.1.1 Pressurized Plenum 56
4.1.2 Zero-Pressure Plenum 56
4.2 Airflow Performance in Pressurized Plenums 57
4.2.1 Dimensional Constraints of the Plenum 57
4.2.2 Plenum Inlets 59
4.2.3 Horizontal Ducting within the Plenum 59
4.2.4 Obstructions within the Plenum 59
4.3 Air Leakage 60
4.3.1 Leakage Due to Construction Quality 60
4.3.2 Leakage Between Floor Panels 61
4.4 Thermal Performance 63
4.4.1 Thermal Decay 63
4.4.2 Ductwork and Air Highways 66
Chapter 5—Underfloor Air Distribution
(UFAD) Equipment 69
5.1 Supply Units and Outlets 69
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Licensee=Australia/5940240024
Not for Resale, 09/28/2010 02:18:33 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,`,`,,,`,`,,,```,,``,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
UNDERFLOORAIRDISTRIBUTIONDESIGNGUIDE
vii
5.1.1 Types of UFAD and TAC Diffusers 69
5.1.2 Passive Swirl Floor Diffusers 71
5.1.3 Passive VAV Floor Diffusers 73
5.1.4 Linear Floor Grilles 75
5.1.5 Active TAC Diffusers 77
5.2 Underfloor Fan Terminals 81
5.3 Raised Floor Systems 85
Chapter 6—Controls, Operation, and Maintenance 89
6.1 Control Strategies in Pressurized Plenums 89
6.1.1 Supply Air Temperature (SAT) 89
6.1.2 Constant Pressure 90
6.1.3 Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) 91
6.1.4 Controlling Stratification 91
6.1.5 Humidity Control 93
6.2 Control Strategies in Zero-Pressure Plenums 94
6.3 Individual Outlet Controls 95
6.4 Operation and Maintenance 96
6.4.1 Cleaning Considerations in
Underfloor Plenums 96
6.4.2 Reconfiguring Building Services 97
6.4.3 Acoustic Performance 97
Chapter 7—Energy Use 99
7.1 Air Distribution Energy 99
7.2 Air-Side Economizers 102
7.2.1 Extended 100% Free Cooling 105
7.2.2 Extended Integrated-Economizer
Free Cooling 105
7.2.3 Climate Factors 105
7.3 Cooling-System Efficiency 106
7.4 Occupant Thermal Comfort 106
7.5 Pre-Cooling Strategies 107
Chapter 8—Design, Construction,
and Commissioning 109
8.1 Design Phase 109
8.2 Construction 110
8.3 Retrofit Projects 115
8.4 Space Planning 115
8.5 Commissioning 116
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Licensee=Australia/5940240024
Not for Resale, 09/28/2010 02:18:33 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,`,`,,,`,`,,,```,,``,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CONTENTS
viii
Chapter 9—Perimeter and Special Systems 119
9.1 Perimeter System Definition 119
9.2 Perimeter System Options 120
9.2.1 Two- or Four-Pipe Constant-Speed
Fan Coils 120
9.2.2 Hydronic Heat Pumps 122
9.2.3 VAV or Fan-Powered VAV with Reheat 122
9.2.4 Cooling from VAV Diffusers, Heating
from Heating-Only Fan Coil 122
9.2.5 Fan-Powered Outlets 123
9.2.6 Convector or Baseboard Heating
Coupled with Central UFAD
System Cooling 123
9.2.7 Variable-Speed Fan Coils 125
9.2.8 VAV Change-Over Air Handlers 127
9.3 Conference Rooms or Other Special Systems 130
9.4 Issues to consider in the Design of Perimeter
and Special Systems 132
Chapter 10—Cost Considerations 133
10.1 Standard First Cost Components 137
10.1.1 Raised Floor System 137
10.1.2 Slab Modification and Preparation 137
10.1.3 Cleaning and Sealing the Plenum 138
10.1.4 Fire Detection and Sprinkler Systems 138
10.2 Design-Dependent First Cost Components 138
10.2.1 UFAD System Design 138
10.2.2 Cable Management Systems 139
10.2.3 Floor-to-Floor Heights 140
10.2.4 Ceiling Finishes and Acoustical
Treatment 140
10.3 Life-Cycle Cost Components 141
10.3.1 Churn (Reconfiguration) 141
10.3.2 Operation and Maintenance 141
10.3.3 Tax Savings 142
10.3.4 Increased Property Value and Rents 142
10.3.5 Productivity and Health 142
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Licensee=Australia/5940240024
Not for Resale, 09/28/2010 02:18:33 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,`,`,,,`,`,,,```,,``,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
UNDERFLOORAIRDISTRIBUTIONDESIGNGUIDE
ix
Chapter 11—Standards, Codes, and Ratings 143
11.1 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-1992:
Thermal Environmental Conditions
for Human Occupancy 143
11.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-2001:
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 145
11.3 ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2001:
Energy Standard for Buildings
Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings 146
11.4 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 113-1990:
Method of Testing for Room Air Diffusion 146
11.5 ASHRAE Standard 129-1997:
Measuring Air Change Effectiveness 147
11.6 Title-24: CEC Second Generation
Nonresidential Standards 147
11.7 NFPA 90A: Standard for the Installation
of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems 148
11.8 Uniform Building and Other Applicable Codes 150
11.9 LEED (Leadership in Energy &
Environmental Design) Rating System 150
Chapter 12—Design Methodology 153
12.1 UFAD vs. Conventional Overhead System Design 153
12.2 Building Structure Considerations 153
12.2.1 Building Plan 153
12.2.2 New Construction 154
12.2.3 Retrofit Applications 157
12.3 Determination of Space Cooling
and Heating Loads 158
12.3.1 Space Cooling Load Calculation 158
12.3.2 Space Heating Load Calculation 159
12.4 Determine Ventilation Air Requirements 164
12.5 Temperature Control and Zoning 165
12.5.1 Interior Zones 165
12.5.2 Perimeter Zones 166
12.5.3 Other Special Areas 166
12.6 Air Distribution System Configuration 167
12.6.1 Plenum Configuration 167
12.6.2 Duct Requirements 170
12.7 Determine Zone Supply Air Temperature
and Air Flow Requirements 172
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Licensee=Australia/5940240024
Not for Resale, 09/28/2010 02:18:33 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,`,`,,,`,`,,,```,,``,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CONTENTS
x
12.8 Select and Locate Diffusers 174
12.9 Determine Return Air Configuration 176
12.10 Select and Size Primary HVAC Equipment 177
12.11 Thermal Storage Opportunities 178
Chapter 13—UFAD Project Examples 181
Chapter 14—Future Directions 185
14.1 Research 186
14.1.1 Room Air Stratification 186
14.1.2 Underfloor Air Supply Plenums 186
14.1.3 Whole-Building Energy
Simulation Model 186
14.1.4 Thermal Comfort 186
14.1.5 Ventilation Performance 186
14.1.6 Field Studies 187
14.1.7 Productivity Studies 187
14.1.8 Cost Studies 187
14.2 Design Tools 187
14.3 Standards and Codes 188
14.4 Building Industry Developments 188
14.5 Technology Transfer 188
Glossary 189
References and Annotated Bibliography 207
Index 237
EBOOK - Phân phối không khí dưới sàn (UFAD) - Hướng dẫn thiết kế (ASHRAE)
Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Chapter 1—Introduction 1
1.1 Purpose of Guide 1
1.2 System Description 2
1.3 Background 7
1.4 Benefits 11
1.4.1 Improved thermal comfort 11
1.4.2 Improved ventilation efficiency
and indoor air quality 12
1.4.3 Reduced energy use 12
1.4.4 Reduced life-cycle building costs 13
1.4.5 Reduced floor-to-floor height
in new construction 14
1.4.6 Improved productivity and health 14
1.5 Technology Needs 14
1.5.1 New and unfamiliar technology 15
1.5.2 Lack of information and
design guidelines 15
1.5.3 Gaps in fundamental understanding 15
1.5.4 Perceived higher costs 16
1.5.5 Limited applicability to retrofit
construction 16
1.5.6 Problems with applicable
standards and codes 17
1.5.7 Cold feet and draft discomfort 17
1.5.8 Problems with spillage and dirt entering
UFAD systems 18
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Licensee=Australia/5940240024
Not for Resale, 09/28/2010 02:18:33 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,`,`,,,`,`,,,```,,``,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CONTENTS
vi
1.5.9 Condensation problems and
dehumidification in UFAD systems 18
1.6 Applications 19
1.7 Organization of Guide 20
Chapter 2—Room Air Distribution 23
2.1 Conventional Overhead Mixing Systems 23
2.2 Displacement Ventilation and
Conditioning Systems 24
2.3 UFAD Systems 31
2.3.1 UFAD Room Air Distribution Model 31
2.3.2 Temperature Near the Floor 35
2.3.3 Stratification Height 36
2.3.4 Controlling Stratification 37
Chapter 3—Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality 41
3.1 Thermal Comfort Standards 43
3.2 Personal Control 44
3.3 Thermal Stratification 49
3.4 Ventilation Performance 49
3.5 Productivity 50
Chapter 4—Underfloor Air Supply Plenums 53
4.1 Description 53
4.1.1 Pressurized Plenum 56
4.1.2 Zero-Pressure Plenum 56
4.2 Airflow Performance in Pressurized Plenums 57
4.2.1 Dimensional Constraints of the Plenum 57
4.2.2 Plenum Inlets 59
4.2.3 Horizontal Ducting within the Plenum 59
4.2.4 Obstructions within the Plenum 59
4.3 Air Leakage 60
4.3.1 Leakage Due to Construction Quality 60
4.3.2 Leakage Between Floor Panels 61
4.4 Thermal Performance 63
4.4.1 Thermal Decay 63
4.4.2 Ductwork and Air Highways 66
Chapter 5—Underfloor Air Distribution
(UFAD) Equipment 69
5.1 Supply Units and Outlets 69
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Licensee=Australia/5940240024
Not for Resale, 09/28/2010 02:18:33 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,`,`,,,`,`,,,```,,``,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
UNDERFLOORAIRDISTRIBUTIONDESIGNGUIDE
vii
5.1.1 Types of UFAD and TAC Diffusers 69
5.1.2 Passive Swirl Floor Diffusers 71
5.1.3 Passive VAV Floor Diffusers 73
5.1.4 Linear Floor Grilles 75
5.1.5 Active TAC Diffusers 77
5.2 Underfloor Fan Terminals 81
5.3 Raised Floor Systems 85
Chapter 6—Controls, Operation, and Maintenance 89
6.1 Control Strategies in Pressurized Plenums 89
6.1.1 Supply Air Temperature (SAT) 89
6.1.2 Constant Pressure 90
6.1.3 Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) 91
6.1.4 Controlling Stratification 91
6.1.5 Humidity Control 93
6.2 Control Strategies in Zero-Pressure Plenums 94
6.3 Individual Outlet Controls 95
6.4 Operation and Maintenance 96
6.4.1 Cleaning Considerations in
Underfloor Plenums 96
6.4.2 Reconfiguring Building Services 97
6.4.3 Acoustic Performance 97
Chapter 7—Energy Use 99
7.1 Air Distribution Energy 99
7.2 Air-Side Economizers 102
7.2.1 Extended 100% Free Cooling 105
7.2.2 Extended Integrated-Economizer
Free Cooling 105
7.2.3 Climate Factors 105
7.3 Cooling-System Efficiency 106
7.4 Occupant Thermal Comfort 106
7.5 Pre-Cooling Strategies 107
Chapter 8—Design, Construction,
and Commissioning 109
8.1 Design Phase 109
8.2 Construction 110
8.3 Retrofit Projects 115
8.4 Space Planning 115
8.5 Commissioning 116
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Licensee=Australia/5940240024
Not for Resale, 09/28/2010 02:18:33 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,`,`,,,`,`,,,```,,``,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CONTENTS
viii
Chapter 9—Perimeter and Special Systems 119
9.1 Perimeter System Definition 119
9.2 Perimeter System Options 120
9.2.1 Two- or Four-Pipe Constant-Speed
Fan Coils 120
9.2.2 Hydronic Heat Pumps 122
9.2.3 VAV or Fan-Powered VAV with Reheat 122
9.2.4 Cooling from VAV Diffusers, Heating
from Heating-Only Fan Coil 122
9.2.5 Fan-Powered Outlets 123
9.2.6 Convector or Baseboard Heating
Coupled with Central UFAD
System Cooling 123
9.2.7 Variable-Speed Fan Coils 125
9.2.8 VAV Change-Over Air Handlers 127
9.3 Conference Rooms or Other Special Systems 130
9.4 Issues to consider in the Design of Perimeter
and Special Systems 132
Chapter 10—Cost Considerations 133
10.1 Standard First Cost Components 137
10.1.1 Raised Floor System 137
10.1.2 Slab Modification and Preparation 137
10.1.3 Cleaning and Sealing the Plenum 138
10.1.4 Fire Detection and Sprinkler Systems 138
10.2 Design-Dependent First Cost Components 138
10.2.1 UFAD System Design 138
10.2.2 Cable Management Systems 139
10.2.3 Floor-to-Floor Heights 140
10.2.4 Ceiling Finishes and Acoustical
Treatment 140
10.3 Life-Cycle Cost Components 141
10.3.1 Churn (Reconfiguration) 141
10.3.2 Operation and Maintenance 141
10.3.3 Tax Savings 142
10.3.4 Increased Property Value and Rents 142
10.3.5 Productivity and Health 142
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Licensee=Australia/5940240024
Not for Resale, 09/28/2010 02:18:33 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,`,`,,,`,`,,,```,,``,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
UNDERFLOORAIRDISTRIBUTIONDESIGNGUIDE
ix
Chapter 11—Standards, Codes, and Ratings 143
11.1 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-1992:
Thermal Environmental Conditions
for Human Occupancy 143
11.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-2001:
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 145
11.3 ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2001:
Energy Standard for Buildings
Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings 146
11.4 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 113-1990:
Method of Testing for Room Air Diffusion 146
11.5 ASHRAE Standard 129-1997:
Measuring Air Change Effectiveness 147
11.6 Title-24: CEC Second Generation
Nonresidential Standards 147
11.7 NFPA 90A: Standard for the Installation
of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems 148
11.8 Uniform Building and Other Applicable Codes 150
11.9 LEED (Leadership in Energy &
Environmental Design) Rating System 150
Chapter 12—Design Methodology 153
12.1 UFAD vs. Conventional Overhead System Design 153
12.2 Building Structure Considerations 153
12.2.1 Building Plan 153
12.2.2 New Construction 154
12.2.3 Retrofit Applications 157
12.3 Determination of Space Cooling
and Heating Loads 158
12.3.1 Space Cooling Load Calculation 158
12.3.2 Space Heating Load Calculation 159
12.4 Determine Ventilation Air Requirements 164
12.5 Temperature Control and Zoning 165
12.5.1 Interior Zones 165
12.5.2 Perimeter Zones 166
12.5.3 Other Special Areas 166
12.6 Air Distribution System Configuration 167
12.6.1 Plenum Configuration 167
12.6.2 Duct Requirements 170
12.7 Determine Zone Supply Air Temperature
and Air Flow Requirements 172
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Licensee=Australia/5940240024
Not for Resale, 09/28/2010 02:18:33 MDT No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,`,`,,,`,`,,,```,,``,,`,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CONTENTS
x
12.8 Select and Locate Diffusers 174
12.9 Determine Return Air Configuration 176
12.10 Select and Size Primary HVAC Equipment 177
12.11 Thermal Storage Opportunities 178
Chapter 13—UFAD Project Examples 181
Chapter 14—Future Directions 185
14.1 Research 186
14.1.1 Room Air Stratification 186
14.1.2 Underfloor Air Supply Plenums 186
14.1.3 Whole-Building Energy
Simulation Model 186
14.1.4 Thermal Comfort 186
14.1.5 Ventilation Performance 186
14.1.6 Field Studies 187
14.1.7 Productivity Studies 187
14.1.8 Cost Studies 187
14.2 Design Tools 187
14.3 Standards and Codes 188
14.4 Building Industry Developments 188
14.5 Technology Transfer 188
Glossary 189
References and Annotated Bibliography 207
Index 237
![](https://img2.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif)
![Hướng dẫn download ti liệu M_tả](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeLyykeNmRTIgEEMSBFhCllw0nmDXTfRjohEYdVTcrqE2tLnHbAdGqf9sD9Hx9TXnPu3l37scNDbc5gkz8jmnze-tLVl6Y1-Dtitp9HSl5xU7sHJcrSN4Rbj4jp7xt0sDydiByfzQ7C3jr4Uu-ad6vr15Rir2ksViLK8yR8MkJGv2YT4NK_MssfJzw/s16000/thanks%20donate%202%20(1)%20(1).png)
![](https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l2sDMPfgOMI/Wv2YrmBrv3I/AAAAAAAAYr4/OlND6ZwM4qIER5xGTsouzziHDHXK9kjjACLcBGAs/s1600/propellar%2Bads1.gif)
![Hướng dẫn download ti liệu M_tả](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnMOPv0ws3lQfRxKdAVAwAB10gPWbq0Gll2yx02P6wmFDYHZ-rF_vLfbDM8eaMpBoKJzmaNzc4aDijEDkQtg25RWcuWWbEA0DsCy1QuoTK-mfvr72_mTp7KfUGsVj5JdG5WfYyLel66aHD5mYt8M8O8mx1mog6_biNrgV6slyaz2Lqc9pg7DlHu8JZyR0/s16000/VIPMEMBER27.12.23%20(1).png)
Không có nhận xét nào: