EBOOK - Chemical reactors - From design to operation - Full Edition (Piere Trambouze)
8 thg 4, 2025 | 16:15

EBOOK - Chemical reactors - From design to operation - Full Edition (Piere Trambouze)



Lò phản ứng hóa học - Từ thiết kế đến vận hành - (Piere Trambouze)


This in-depth revision provides a summary of current knowledge, updated based on the most recent literature in the field. The reader will find recommendations on the choice of correlations to apply, depending on the case, and useful references to the original documents on industrial processes. This practical user's guide is designed for engineers in industries involved with the problems of chemical transformations, and for professors and students of process engineering. Whether the reader is working in a design department, an engineering firm or an R&D department, or is managing production plants, he will find material here that is directly applicable to the solution of his problems.Contents: 1. Definitions and fundamental concepts. 2. Single-phase reactors. 3. General characteristics of reactors with two fluid phases. 4. Experimental data and correlations for gas-liquid reactors. 5. Experimental data and correlations for liquid-liquid reactors. 6. General characteristics of heterogeneous catalytic reactors. 7. Reactors employing a fluid phase and a catalytic solid phase: fixed bed, moving bed, fluidized bed. 8. Three-phase reactors: gas, liquid, and catalytic solid. 9. Case studies. 10. Multifunctional reactors and future developments. General nomenclature. Index.


CONTENTS:


CHAPTER1·DEFINITIONSANDFUNDAMENTALCONCEPTS1 

1.1Definitionsofstoichiometricvalues1 

1.1.1Stoichiometricrelations1 

1.1.2Extentofreaction,conversion,selectivity,andyield2 

1.1.3Massselectivityandyield5 

1.1.4Concludingremarks5 

1.2Chemicalthermodynamics5 

1.2.1Energybalanceofthechemicaltransformation5 

1.2.2Chemicalequilibria7 

1.3Chemicalkinetics9 

1.3.1Definitionofrateofreaction10 

1.3.2Waysofexpressingtherateofreactionr,11 

1.3.3Influenceoftemperature12 

1.3.4Formalkineticexpressionsinvolvingfractionalorhighorders13 

1.3.5Otherformsofkineticexpressionassociatedwithcatalyticprocesses13 

1.3.6Heterogeneouscatalyticreactions15 

1.3.7Groupsofcompounds16 

1.3.8Kineticsbasedonelementarysteps23 

1.3.9Conclusion23 

1.4Reactortypes23 

1.4.1Principalcharacteristicsofareactor24 

1.4.2Classificationofreactors29 

1.4.3Generalexpressionofmassandenthalpybalances30 

1.4.4Applicationofthegeneralbalanceexpressionstothevarioustypesofidealreactor32 

VIIITableofContents 

1.5Residencetimedistribution35 

1.5.1Typicaldistributionfunctionsoffluidflow35 

1.5.2Experimentaldeterminationofdistributionfunctions38 

1.5.3Distributionfunctionsforvarioustypesofflow40 

1.6Macromixingandmicromixing42 

1.6.1Earlinessofmixing43 

1.6.2Segregationwithinafluid44 

1.6.3Micromixing46 

1.6.4Useofcomputationalfluiddynamicsmethods49 

References49 

Nomenclature51 

CHAPTER2·SINGLE-PHASEREACTORS53 

2.1Batchreactors53 

2.1.1Massandenergybalances53 

2.1.2Generalcaseandpracticalimplications59 

2.1.3Thermalinstability61 

2.1.4Availabletechnologies69 

2.1.5Mixingsystems75 

2.1.6Reactorsinvolvinggradualinjectionofpartofthereactants 

andgradualeliminationofaproduct84 

2.1.7Conclusion89 

2.2Continuoustubularreactors89 

2.2.1Massandenergybalances90 

2.2.2Solutionsforafewsimplecases92 

2.2.3Influenceofbackmixing94 

2.2.4Availabletechnologies99 

2.2.5Concludingremarks104 

2.3Continuousstirredtankreactors(CSTR)104 

2.3.1Massandenergybalances105 

2.3.2Solutionsforsomesimplecases107 

2.3.3Autothermaloperation110 

2.3.4Themultistagereactor115 

2.3.5Availabletechnologies116 

2.3.6Conclusion123 

2.4Comparisonofthedifferentreactortypes123 

2.4.1Operatingconditionsandproductioncapacity123 

2.4.2Conversion127 

2.4.3Selectivity136 

2.4.4Concludingremarks142 

References143 

Nomenclature144 

TableofContentsIX 

CHAPTER3·GENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFREACTORSWITHTWOFLUIDPHASES145 

3.1Reviewoftwo-filmtheory145 

3.2Masstransferaccompaniedbychemicalreaction148 

3.2.1Irreversibleandisothermalreactioninasinglephase 

andtransfertowardthereactionphase149 

3.2.2CalculatingthelocalfluxofacompoundtransferredfromphaseItophaseII....161 

3.2.3Efficiencyinareactionsystemwithtwofluidphases(first-orderreaction)161 

3.2.4Extendingthestudyoftransferphenomenawithchemicalreaction 

tosystemswithmorecomplexkinetics164 

3.2.5Comparisonofvarioustheoriesofmasstransfer 

accompaniedbychemicalreaction166 

3.3Influenceofmasstransferonchemicaltransformation168 

3.3.1Apparentreactionorder168 

3.3.2Apparentactivationenergy172 

3.3.3Influenceofmasstransferonselectivity173 

3.4Designingareactorwithtwofluidphases184 

3.4.1Batchreactorwithtwofluidphases184 

3.4.2Semi-Continuousgas-liquidreactor188 

3.4.3Tubularreactorwithtwofluidphases192 

3.4.4Continuousstirredtankreactorwithtwofluidphases196 

3.4.5Conclusion197 

References199 

Nomenclature200 

CHAPTER4·EXPERIMENTALDATAANDCORRELATIONSFORGAS-LIQUIDREACTORS201 

4.1Introductionandpreliminarydefinitions201 

4.1.1Specificinterfacialarea203 

4.1.2Holdup203 

4.1.3Currentvaluesofdesignparameters203 

4.2Bubblecolumns205 

4.2.1Generalcharacteristics205 

4.2.2Hydrodynamics207 

4.2.3Masstransfer209 

4.2.4Heattransfer226 

4.2.5Generaldesignconsiderations226 

4.2.6Alternativedesigns228 

4.2.7Concludingremarks229 

4.3Gaslifts229 

4.3.1Generalcharacteristics229 

4.3.2Hydrodynamics229 

X  TableofContents 

4.3.3Masstransfer232 

4.3.4Heattransferatthewall232 

4.3.5Generaldesignconsiderations232 

4.3.6Concludingremarks233 

4.4Platecolumns233 

4.4.1Generalfeatures233 

4.4.2Hydrodynamics234 

4.4.3Masstransfer236 

4.4.4Constructiondetails238 

4.4.5Submergedplatereactors240 

4.4.6Concludingremarks240 

4.5Packedcolumns241 

4.5.1Generalcharacteristics241 

4.5.2Hydrodynamics245 

4.5.3Masstransfer249 

4.5.4Unconventionalpackedcolumns251 

4.5.5Selectioncriteriaandconstructiondetails253 

4.5.6Comparisonofplatecolumnsandpackedcolumns255 

4.5.7Concludingremarks256 

4.6Fallinsfilmreactors257 

4.6.1Generalcharacteristics258 

4.6.2Hydrodynamics259 

4.6.3Masstransfer261 

4.6.4Heattransfer262 

4.6.5Currentuses264 

4.6.6Practicalapplications267 

4.6.7Technology268 

4.6.8Concludingremarks268 

4.7Mechanicallyagitateddevices269 

4.7.1Generalcharacteristics269 

4.7.2Hydrodynamics269 

4.7.3Masstransfer277 

4.7.4Heattransfer278 

4.7.5Constructiondetails278 

4.7.6Concludingremarks279 

4.8Ejectors279 

4.8.1Bubblegeneration280 

4.8.2Dropletgeneration283 

4.9Inlinemixers288 

4.9.1Emptypipes288 

4.9.2Staticmixers289 

TableofContentsXI 

4.10Concludingremarks290 

References292 

Nomenclature297 

CHAPTER5·EXPERIMENTALDATAANDCORREUTIONSFORLIQUID-LIQUIDREACTORS299 

5.1Introduction299 

5.1.1Hydrodynamicbehavior302 

5.1.2Masstransfer305 

5.1.3Scale-up307 

5.2Spraycolumns308 

5.2.1Hydrodynamics309 

5.2.2Masstransfer311 

5.2.3Technology312 

5.2.4Concludingremarks313 

5.3Perforatedplatecolumns313 

5.3.1Hydrodynamics313 

5.3.2Masstransfer317 

5.3.3Technology317 

5.3.4Concludingremarks319 

5.4Packedcolumns319 

5.4.1Hydrodynamics320 

5.4.2Masstransfer322 

5.4.3Technology322 

5.4.4Pulsedpackedcolumns323 

5.4.5Concludingremarks323 

5.5Staticmixers323 

5.5.1Hydrodynamics323 

5.5.2Masstransfer325 

5.5.3Technology326 

5.5.4Concludingremarks326 

5.6Columnswithrotaryagitators326 

5.6.1Hydrodynamics329 

5.6.2Masstransfer334 

5.6.3Technology335 

5.6.4Concludingremarks336 

5.7Mixer-settlers336 

5.7.1Hydrodynamics337 

5.7.2Masstransfer338 

5.7.3Consumedpower339 

XIITableofContents 

5.7.4Technology339 

5.7.5Concludingremarks341 

5.8Othertypesofequipment341 

5.8.1Centrifugalextractors341 

5.8.2Microreactors342 

5.9Concludingremarks342 

References344 

Nomenclature346 

CHAPTER6·GENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFHETEROGENEOUSCATALYTICREACTORS347 

6.1Introduction347 

6.2Thecatalyst347 

6.2.1Thesolid348 

6.2.2Thegrain348 

6.2.3Granularmass353 

6.2.4Monolithiccatalysts355 

6.3Internaldiffusion358 

6.3.1Planesurface359 

6.3.2Homogeneoussphericalparticle360 

6.3.3Sphericalparticlewithanactivezoneontheperiphery363 

6.3.4Optimizationofcatalystgeometry365 

6.4ExtendingtheconceptsoftheThielemodulusandeffectiveness367 

6.4.1Non-sphericalgeometricshapes368 

6.4.2Otherthanfirst-orderreactions368 

6.4.3Reversiblereactions370 

6.4.4Non-isochorousreactions371 

6.4.5Non-isothermalreactions372 

6.5Influenceofinternaldiffusionontheselectivityofcatalyticchemicalreactions375 

6.5.1Independentparallelfirst-orderreactions375 

6.5.2First-ordertwinreactions376 

6.5.3Consecutivereactions377 

6.6Estimatingthecoefficientofdiffusion£)e382 

6.7Influenceofexternalmasstransfer:theconceptofglobaleffectiveness384 

6.7.1Globaltransfercoefficient384 

6.7.2Heattransferontheoutersurfaceofthegrain386 

6.7.3Theconceptofglobalgraineffectiveness386 

6.7.4Temperatureandconcentrationgradients387 

6.8Apparentactivationenergyofheterogeneouscatalyticreactions388 

TableofContents  XIII 

6.9Catalystdeactivation391 

6.9.1Causesofcatalystdeactivation391 

6.9.2Preventingcatalystdeactivation391 

6.9.3Equationsfordeactivationkinetics391 

6.9.4Deactivationaccompaniedbyinternaldiffusionlimitation392 

6.9.5Concludingremarks393 

6.10Useofheterogeneouscatalysts394 

6.10.1Conditionsfortheoptimaluseofacatalyst394 

6.10.2Thefixedbed394 

6.10.3Themovingbed396 

6.10.4Reactorswithcatalystinsuspension398 

6.10.5Comparisonofcatalysttechnologies403 

References408 

Nomenclature408 

CHAPTER7·REACTORSEMPLOYINGAFLUIDPHASEANDACATALYTICSOLIDPHASE: 

FIXEDBED,MOVINGBED,FLUIDIZEDBED411 

7.1Introduction411 

7.2Fixed-bedcatalyticreactors411 

7.2.1Writingthemassbalanceequations411 

7.2.2Designingthecatalyticbed414 

7.2.3Discussionconcerningthevalidityofthecriteriaused417 

7.2.4Calculationofdynamicpressuredropinacatalyticreactor418 

7.2.5Influenceofexternaltransferinfixed-bedcatalyticreactors419 

7.2.6Criteriafordeterminingthepossibleinfluenceofexternalmasstransfer424 

7.2.7Heattransferatthereactorwall425 

7.2.8Thermalstabilityoffixed-bedcatalyticreactors428 

7.2.9Practicalconsiderations429 

7.2.10Concludingremarks443 

7.3Moving-bedcatalyticreactors445 

7.3.1Introduction445 

7.3.2Designofthemoving-bedreactor445 

7.3.3Applicationsofmoving-bedtechnology451 

7.4Fluidized-bedreactorswithasinglefluidphase454 

7.4.1Generalremarks454 

7.4.2Thehydrodynamicsoffluidizedbeds455 

7.4.3Minimumsuperficialvelocityoffluidization(VsF)m457 

7.4.4Theterminalvelocityofaparticle460 

7.4.5Expansioninafluidizedbed461 

XIV  TableofContents 

7.4.6Fluidized-bedreactormodelsandcorrelations463 

7.4.7Massandheattransferbetweenagasandasolidinthedensephase471 

7.4.8Heattransferbetweenthewallandthefluidizedbed471 

7.4.9Introductionofreactantsandwithdrawalofproducts472 

7.4.10Industrialapplications474 

References482 

Nomenclature483 

CHAPTER8·THREE-PHASEREACTORS:GAS,LIQUID,ANDCATALYTICSOLID485 

8.1Introduction485 

8.1.1Reactionatthesurfaceofanisolatedcatalystparticle486 

8.2Characteristicsofthree-phasereactors491 

8.2.1Bubblecolumns492 

8.2.2Mechanicallyagitatedreactors501 

8.2.3Fixedbedswithtwo-phaseflow502 

8.2.4Moving-bedreactors528 

8.2.5Three-phasefluidizedbedsorebullatedbeds530 

8.3Currentusesandcomparisonofthree-phasereactors542 

References545 

Nomenclature551 

CHAPTER9·CASESTUDIES553 

9.1Batchandsemi-continuoushomogeneousreactors553 

9.1.1Fundamentaldata553 

9.1.2Batchreactor554 

9.1.3Semi-Continuousreactor557 

9.1.4Concludingremarks564 

9.2Packedcolumngas-liquidreactor564 

9.2.1Fundamentaldata565 

9.2.2Writingthemolarandheatbalances568 

9.2.3Calculatingthetransferparameters571 

9.2.4Integrationofthedifferentialbalances572 

9.2.5Columngeometricalcharacteristics575 

9.2.6Concludingremarks575 

9.3Fixed-bedcatalyticreactorwithasinglefluidphase577 

9.3.1Fundamentaldata578 

9.3.2Calculatingthevolumeofcatalyst579 

9.3.3Costoptimization581 

TableofContentsXV 

9.3.4Presentationoftheresults584 

9.3.5Calculatingconcentrationandtemperatureprofiles586 

9.3.6Variants589 

9.3.7Concludingremarks590 

9.4Liquid-phasereactorwithacatalystinsuspension591 

9.4.1Fundamentaldata591 

9.4.2Processflowsheet592 

9.4.3Molarbalances593 

9.4.4Energybalances595 

9.4.5Equipmentdesign597 

9.4.6Costoptimization599 

9.4.7Finalreactordesign602 

9.4.8Concludingremarks603 

9.5Fixed-bedcatalyticreactorswithtwofluidphases603 

9.5.1Fundamentaldata603 

9.5.2Processflowdiagram605 

9.5.3Materialandheatbalances606 

9.5.4Examinationofdiffusionlimitations608 

9.5.5Calculatingthetransferparameters611 

9.5.6Volumeofcatalystneeded616 

9.5.7Calculatingthereactordimensions617 

9.5.8Calculationsforotherequipment617 

9.5.9Concludingremarks620 

References620 

CHAPTER10·MULTIFUNCTIONALREACTORSANDFUTUREDEVELOPMENTS621 

10.1Classificationofmultifunctionalreactors621 

10.2Reactionwithmasstransfer622 

10.2.1Reactionwithadsorption622 

10.2.2Reactionwithdistillation622 

10.2.3Reactionwithabsoiption625 

10.2.4Reactionwithextraction625 

10.2.5Reactionwithfiltration627 

10.2.6Reactionwithfluid-reactivesolidtransfer629 

10.3Reactionwithenersytransfer630 

10.3.1Heattransferthroughthewall630 

10.3.2Heattransferbydirectcontactbetweenthephases630 

10.3.3Radiativetransfer632 

10.3.4Transferofelectricity634 

XVITableofContents 

10.4Reactionwithtransferofmomentum635 

10.4.1Transferbyfrictionorshear635 

10.4.2Transferbyacceleration637 

10.4.3Transferbyimpulseorpressure637 

10.5Futuredevelopments638 

References640 

GENERALNOMENCLATURE645 

INDE









EBOOK - Chemical reactors - From design to operation (Piere Trambouze) 2004.


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Lò phản ứng hóa học - Từ thiết kế đến vận hành - (Piere Trambouze)


This in-depth revision provides a summary of current knowledge, updated based on the most recent literature in the field. The reader will find recommendations on the choice of correlations to apply, depending on the case, and useful references to the original documents on industrial processes. This practical user's guide is designed for engineers in industries involved with the problems of chemical transformations, and for professors and students of process engineering. Whether the reader is working in a design department, an engineering firm or an R&D department, or is managing production plants, he will find material here that is directly applicable to the solution of his problems.Contents: 1. Definitions and fundamental concepts. 2. Single-phase reactors. 3. General characteristics of reactors with two fluid phases. 4. Experimental data and correlations for gas-liquid reactors. 5. Experimental data and correlations for liquid-liquid reactors. 6. General characteristics of heterogeneous catalytic reactors. 7. Reactors employing a fluid phase and a catalytic solid phase: fixed bed, moving bed, fluidized bed. 8. Three-phase reactors: gas, liquid, and catalytic solid. 9. Case studies. 10. Multifunctional reactors and future developments. General nomenclature. Index.


CONTENTS:


CHAPTER1·DEFINITIONSANDFUNDAMENTALCONCEPTS1 

1.1Definitionsofstoichiometricvalues1 

1.1.1Stoichiometricrelations1 

1.1.2Extentofreaction,conversion,selectivity,andyield2 

1.1.3Massselectivityandyield5 

1.1.4Concludingremarks5 

1.2Chemicalthermodynamics5 

1.2.1Energybalanceofthechemicaltransformation5 

1.2.2Chemicalequilibria7 

1.3Chemicalkinetics9 

1.3.1Definitionofrateofreaction10 

1.3.2Waysofexpressingtherateofreactionr,11 

1.3.3Influenceoftemperature12 

1.3.4Formalkineticexpressionsinvolvingfractionalorhighorders13 

1.3.5Otherformsofkineticexpressionassociatedwithcatalyticprocesses13 

1.3.6Heterogeneouscatalyticreactions15 

1.3.7Groupsofcompounds16 

1.3.8Kineticsbasedonelementarysteps23 

1.3.9Conclusion23 

1.4Reactortypes23 

1.4.1Principalcharacteristicsofareactor24 

1.4.2Classificationofreactors29 

1.4.3Generalexpressionofmassandenthalpybalances30 

1.4.4Applicationofthegeneralbalanceexpressionstothevarioustypesofidealreactor32 

VIIITableofContents 

1.5Residencetimedistribution35 

1.5.1Typicaldistributionfunctionsoffluidflow35 

1.5.2Experimentaldeterminationofdistributionfunctions38 

1.5.3Distributionfunctionsforvarioustypesofflow40 

1.6Macromixingandmicromixing42 

1.6.1Earlinessofmixing43 

1.6.2Segregationwithinafluid44 

1.6.3Micromixing46 

1.6.4Useofcomputationalfluiddynamicsmethods49 

References49 

Nomenclature51 

CHAPTER2·SINGLE-PHASEREACTORS53 

2.1Batchreactors53 

2.1.1Massandenergybalances53 

2.1.2Generalcaseandpracticalimplications59 

2.1.3Thermalinstability61 

2.1.4Availabletechnologies69 

2.1.5Mixingsystems75 

2.1.6Reactorsinvolvinggradualinjectionofpartofthereactants 

andgradualeliminationofaproduct84 

2.1.7Conclusion89 

2.2Continuoustubularreactors89 

2.2.1Massandenergybalances90 

2.2.2Solutionsforafewsimplecases92 

2.2.3Influenceofbackmixing94 

2.2.4Availabletechnologies99 

2.2.5Concludingremarks104 

2.3Continuousstirredtankreactors(CSTR)104 

2.3.1Massandenergybalances105 

2.3.2Solutionsforsomesimplecases107 

2.3.3Autothermaloperation110 

2.3.4Themultistagereactor115 

2.3.5Availabletechnologies116 

2.3.6Conclusion123 

2.4Comparisonofthedifferentreactortypes123 

2.4.1Operatingconditionsandproductioncapacity123 

2.4.2Conversion127 

2.4.3Selectivity136 

2.4.4Concludingremarks142 

References143 

Nomenclature144 

TableofContentsIX 

CHAPTER3·GENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFREACTORSWITHTWOFLUIDPHASES145 

3.1Reviewoftwo-filmtheory145 

3.2Masstransferaccompaniedbychemicalreaction148 

3.2.1Irreversibleandisothermalreactioninasinglephase 

andtransfertowardthereactionphase149 

3.2.2CalculatingthelocalfluxofacompoundtransferredfromphaseItophaseII....161 

3.2.3Efficiencyinareactionsystemwithtwofluidphases(first-orderreaction)161 

3.2.4Extendingthestudyoftransferphenomenawithchemicalreaction 

tosystemswithmorecomplexkinetics164 

3.2.5Comparisonofvarioustheoriesofmasstransfer 

accompaniedbychemicalreaction166 

3.3Influenceofmasstransferonchemicaltransformation168 

3.3.1Apparentreactionorder168 

3.3.2Apparentactivationenergy172 

3.3.3Influenceofmasstransferonselectivity173 

3.4Designingareactorwithtwofluidphases184 

3.4.1Batchreactorwithtwofluidphases184 

3.4.2Semi-Continuousgas-liquidreactor188 

3.4.3Tubularreactorwithtwofluidphases192 

3.4.4Continuousstirredtankreactorwithtwofluidphases196 

3.4.5Conclusion197 

References199 

Nomenclature200 

CHAPTER4·EXPERIMENTALDATAANDCORRELATIONSFORGAS-LIQUIDREACTORS201 

4.1Introductionandpreliminarydefinitions201 

4.1.1Specificinterfacialarea203 

4.1.2Holdup203 

4.1.3Currentvaluesofdesignparameters203 

4.2Bubblecolumns205 

4.2.1Generalcharacteristics205 

4.2.2Hydrodynamics207 

4.2.3Masstransfer209 

4.2.4Heattransfer226 

4.2.5Generaldesignconsiderations226 

4.2.6Alternativedesigns228 

4.2.7Concludingremarks229 

4.3Gaslifts229 

4.3.1Generalcharacteristics229 

4.3.2Hydrodynamics229 

X  TableofContents 

4.3.3Masstransfer232 

4.3.4Heattransferatthewall232 

4.3.5Generaldesignconsiderations232 

4.3.6Concludingremarks233 

4.4Platecolumns233 

4.4.1Generalfeatures233 

4.4.2Hydrodynamics234 

4.4.3Masstransfer236 

4.4.4Constructiondetails238 

4.4.5Submergedplatereactors240 

4.4.6Concludingremarks240 

4.5Packedcolumns241 

4.5.1Generalcharacteristics241 

4.5.2Hydrodynamics245 

4.5.3Masstransfer249 

4.5.4Unconventionalpackedcolumns251 

4.5.5Selectioncriteriaandconstructiondetails253 

4.5.6Comparisonofplatecolumnsandpackedcolumns255 

4.5.7Concludingremarks256 

4.6Fallinsfilmreactors257 

4.6.1Generalcharacteristics258 

4.6.2Hydrodynamics259 

4.6.3Masstransfer261 

4.6.4Heattransfer262 

4.6.5Currentuses264 

4.6.6Practicalapplications267 

4.6.7Technology268 

4.6.8Concludingremarks268 

4.7Mechanicallyagitateddevices269 

4.7.1Generalcharacteristics269 

4.7.2Hydrodynamics269 

4.7.3Masstransfer277 

4.7.4Heattransfer278 

4.7.5Constructiondetails278 

4.7.6Concludingremarks279 

4.8Ejectors279 

4.8.1Bubblegeneration280 

4.8.2Dropletgeneration283 

4.9Inlinemixers288 

4.9.1Emptypipes288 

4.9.2Staticmixers289 

TableofContentsXI 

4.10Concludingremarks290 

References292 

Nomenclature297 

CHAPTER5·EXPERIMENTALDATAANDCORREUTIONSFORLIQUID-LIQUIDREACTORS299 

5.1Introduction299 

5.1.1Hydrodynamicbehavior302 

5.1.2Masstransfer305 

5.1.3Scale-up307 

5.2Spraycolumns308 

5.2.1Hydrodynamics309 

5.2.2Masstransfer311 

5.2.3Technology312 

5.2.4Concludingremarks313 

5.3Perforatedplatecolumns313 

5.3.1Hydrodynamics313 

5.3.2Masstransfer317 

5.3.3Technology317 

5.3.4Concludingremarks319 

5.4Packedcolumns319 

5.4.1Hydrodynamics320 

5.4.2Masstransfer322 

5.4.3Technology322 

5.4.4Pulsedpackedcolumns323 

5.4.5Concludingremarks323 

5.5Staticmixers323 

5.5.1Hydrodynamics323 

5.5.2Masstransfer325 

5.5.3Technology326 

5.5.4Concludingremarks326 

5.6Columnswithrotaryagitators326 

5.6.1Hydrodynamics329 

5.6.2Masstransfer334 

5.6.3Technology335 

5.6.4Concludingremarks336 

5.7Mixer-settlers336 

5.7.1Hydrodynamics337 

5.7.2Masstransfer338 

5.7.3Consumedpower339 

XIITableofContents 

5.7.4Technology339 

5.7.5Concludingremarks341 

5.8Othertypesofequipment341 

5.8.1Centrifugalextractors341 

5.8.2Microreactors342 

5.9Concludingremarks342 

References344 

Nomenclature346 

CHAPTER6·GENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFHETEROGENEOUSCATALYTICREACTORS347 

6.1Introduction347 

6.2Thecatalyst347 

6.2.1Thesolid348 

6.2.2Thegrain348 

6.2.3Granularmass353 

6.2.4Monolithiccatalysts355 

6.3Internaldiffusion358 

6.3.1Planesurface359 

6.3.2Homogeneoussphericalparticle360 

6.3.3Sphericalparticlewithanactivezoneontheperiphery363 

6.3.4Optimizationofcatalystgeometry365 

6.4ExtendingtheconceptsoftheThielemodulusandeffectiveness367 

6.4.1Non-sphericalgeometricshapes368 

6.4.2Otherthanfirst-orderreactions368 

6.4.3Reversiblereactions370 

6.4.4Non-isochorousreactions371 

6.4.5Non-isothermalreactions372 

6.5Influenceofinternaldiffusionontheselectivityofcatalyticchemicalreactions375 

6.5.1Independentparallelfirst-orderreactions375 

6.5.2First-ordertwinreactions376 

6.5.3Consecutivereactions377 

6.6Estimatingthecoefficientofdiffusion£)e382 

6.7Influenceofexternalmasstransfer:theconceptofglobaleffectiveness384 

6.7.1Globaltransfercoefficient384 

6.7.2Heattransferontheoutersurfaceofthegrain386 

6.7.3Theconceptofglobalgraineffectiveness386 

6.7.4Temperatureandconcentrationgradients387 

6.8Apparentactivationenergyofheterogeneouscatalyticreactions388 

TableofContents  XIII 

6.9Catalystdeactivation391 

6.9.1Causesofcatalystdeactivation391 

6.9.2Preventingcatalystdeactivation391 

6.9.3Equationsfordeactivationkinetics391 

6.9.4Deactivationaccompaniedbyinternaldiffusionlimitation392 

6.9.5Concludingremarks393 

6.10Useofheterogeneouscatalysts394 

6.10.1Conditionsfortheoptimaluseofacatalyst394 

6.10.2Thefixedbed394 

6.10.3Themovingbed396 

6.10.4Reactorswithcatalystinsuspension398 

6.10.5Comparisonofcatalysttechnologies403 

References408 

Nomenclature408 

CHAPTER7·REACTORSEMPLOYINGAFLUIDPHASEANDACATALYTICSOLIDPHASE: 

FIXEDBED,MOVINGBED,FLUIDIZEDBED411 

7.1Introduction411 

7.2Fixed-bedcatalyticreactors411 

7.2.1Writingthemassbalanceequations411 

7.2.2Designingthecatalyticbed414 

7.2.3Discussionconcerningthevalidityofthecriteriaused417 

7.2.4Calculationofdynamicpressuredropinacatalyticreactor418 

7.2.5Influenceofexternaltransferinfixed-bedcatalyticreactors419 

7.2.6Criteriafordeterminingthepossibleinfluenceofexternalmasstransfer424 

7.2.7Heattransferatthereactorwall425 

7.2.8Thermalstabilityoffixed-bedcatalyticreactors428 

7.2.9Practicalconsiderations429 

7.2.10Concludingremarks443 

7.3Moving-bedcatalyticreactors445 

7.3.1Introduction445 

7.3.2Designofthemoving-bedreactor445 

7.3.3Applicationsofmoving-bedtechnology451 

7.4Fluidized-bedreactorswithasinglefluidphase454 

7.4.1Generalremarks454 

7.4.2Thehydrodynamicsoffluidizedbeds455 

7.4.3Minimumsuperficialvelocityoffluidization(VsF)m457 

7.4.4Theterminalvelocityofaparticle460 

7.4.5Expansioninafluidizedbed461 

XIV  TableofContents 

7.4.6Fluidized-bedreactormodelsandcorrelations463 

7.4.7Massandheattransferbetweenagasandasolidinthedensephase471 

7.4.8Heattransferbetweenthewallandthefluidizedbed471 

7.4.9Introductionofreactantsandwithdrawalofproducts472 

7.4.10Industrialapplications474 

References482 

Nomenclature483 

CHAPTER8·THREE-PHASEREACTORS:GAS,LIQUID,ANDCATALYTICSOLID485 

8.1Introduction485 

8.1.1Reactionatthesurfaceofanisolatedcatalystparticle486 

8.2Characteristicsofthree-phasereactors491 

8.2.1Bubblecolumns492 

8.2.2Mechanicallyagitatedreactors501 

8.2.3Fixedbedswithtwo-phaseflow502 

8.2.4Moving-bedreactors528 

8.2.5Three-phasefluidizedbedsorebullatedbeds530 

8.3Currentusesandcomparisonofthree-phasereactors542 

References545 

Nomenclature551 

CHAPTER9·CASESTUDIES553 

9.1Batchandsemi-continuoushomogeneousreactors553 

9.1.1Fundamentaldata553 

9.1.2Batchreactor554 

9.1.3Semi-Continuousreactor557 

9.1.4Concludingremarks564 

9.2Packedcolumngas-liquidreactor564 

9.2.1Fundamentaldata565 

9.2.2Writingthemolarandheatbalances568 

9.2.3Calculatingthetransferparameters571 

9.2.4Integrationofthedifferentialbalances572 

9.2.5Columngeometricalcharacteristics575 

9.2.6Concludingremarks575 

9.3Fixed-bedcatalyticreactorwithasinglefluidphase577 

9.3.1Fundamentaldata578 

9.3.2Calculatingthevolumeofcatalyst579 

9.3.3Costoptimization581 

TableofContentsXV 

9.3.4Presentationoftheresults584 

9.3.5Calculatingconcentrationandtemperatureprofiles586 

9.3.6Variants589 

9.3.7Concludingremarks590 

9.4Liquid-phasereactorwithacatalystinsuspension591 

9.4.1Fundamentaldata591 

9.4.2Processflowsheet592 

9.4.3Molarbalances593 

9.4.4Energybalances595 

9.4.5Equipmentdesign597 

9.4.6Costoptimization599 

9.4.7Finalreactordesign602 

9.4.8Concludingremarks603 

9.5Fixed-bedcatalyticreactorswithtwofluidphases603 

9.5.1Fundamentaldata603 

9.5.2Processflowdiagram605 

9.5.3Materialandheatbalances606 

9.5.4Examinationofdiffusionlimitations608 

9.5.5Calculatingthetransferparameters611 

9.5.6Volumeofcatalystneeded616 

9.5.7Calculatingthereactordimensions617 

9.5.8Calculationsforotherequipment617 

9.5.9Concludingremarks620 

References620 

CHAPTER10·MULTIFUNCTIONALREACTORSANDFUTUREDEVELOPMENTS621 

10.1Classificationofmultifunctionalreactors621 

10.2Reactionwithmasstransfer622 

10.2.1Reactionwithadsorption622 

10.2.2Reactionwithdistillation622 

10.2.3Reactionwithabsoiption625 

10.2.4Reactionwithextraction625 

10.2.5Reactionwithfiltration627 

10.2.6Reactionwithfluid-reactivesolidtransfer629 

10.3Reactionwithenersytransfer630 

10.3.1Heattransferthroughthewall630 

10.3.2Heattransferbydirectcontactbetweenthephases630 

10.3.3Radiativetransfer632 

10.3.4Transferofelectricity634 

XVITableofContents 

10.4Reactionwithtransferofmomentum635 

10.4.1Transferbyfrictionorshear635 

10.4.2Transferbyacceleration637 

10.4.3Transferbyimpulseorpressure637 

10.5Futuredevelopments638 

References640 

GENERALNOMENCLATURE645 

INDE









EBOOK - Chemical reactors - From design to operation (Piere Trambouze) 2004.


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