EBOOK - Chemical reactors - From design to operation - Full Edition (Piere Trambouze)
Lò phản ứng hóa học - Từ thiết kế đến vận hành - (Piere Trambouze)
This in-depth revision provides a summary of current knowledge, updated based on the most recent literature in the field. The reader will find recommendations on the choice of correlations to apply, depending on the case, and useful references to the original documents on industrial processes. This practical user's guide is designed for engineers in industries involved with the problems of chemical transformations, and for professors and students of process engineering. Whether the reader is working in a design department, an engineering firm or an R&D department, or is managing production plants, he will find material here that is directly applicable to the solution of his problems.Contents: 1. Definitions and fundamental concepts. 2. Single-phase reactors. 3. General characteristics of reactors with two fluid phases. 4. Experimental data and correlations for gas-liquid reactors. 5. Experimental data and correlations for liquid-liquid reactors. 6. General characteristics of heterogeneous catalytic reactors. 7. Reactors employing a fluid phase and a catalytic solid phase: fixed bed, moving bed, fluidized bed. 8. Three-phase reactors: gas, liquid, and catalytic solid. 9. Case studies. 10. Multifunctional reactors and future developments. General nomenclature. Index.
CONTENTS:
CHAPTER1·DEFINITIONSANDFUNDAMENTALCONCEPTS1
1.1Definitionsofstoichiometricvalues1
1.1.1Stoichiometricrelations1
1.1.2Extentofreaction,conversion,selectivity,andyield2
1.1.3Massselectivityandyield5
1.1.4Concludingremarks5
1.2Chemicalthermodynamics5
1.2.1Energybalanceofthechemicaltransformation5
1.2.2Chemicalequilibria7
1.3Chemicalkinetics9
1.3.1Definitionofrateofreaction10
1.3.2Waysofexpressingtherateofreactionr,11
1.3.3Influenceoftemperature12
1.3.4Formalkineticexpressionsinvolvingfractionalorhighorders13
1.3.5Otherformsofkineticexpressionassociatedwithcatalyticprocesses13
1.3.6Heterogeneouscatalyticreactions15
1.3.7Groupsofcompounds16
1.3.8Kineticsbasedonelementarysteps23
1.3.9Conclusion23
1.4Reactortypes23
1.4.1Principalcharacteristicsofareactor24
1.4.2Classificationofreactors29
1.4.3Generalexpressionofmassandenthalpybalances30
1.4.4Applicationofthegeneralbalanceexpressionstothevarioustypesofidealreactor32
VIIITableofContents
1.5Residencetimedistribution35
1.5.1Typicaldistributionfunctionsoffluidflow35
1.5.2Experimentaldeterminationofdistributionfunctions38
1.5.3Distributionfunctionsforvarioustypesofflow40
1.6Macromixingandmicromixing42
1.6.1Earlinessofmixing43
1.6.2Segregationwithinafluid44
1.6.3Micromixing46
1.6.4Useofcomputationalfluiddynamicsmethods49
References49
Nomenclature51
CHAPTER2·SINGLE-PHASEREACTORS53
2.1Batchreactors53
2.1.1Massandenergybalances53
2.1.2Generalcaseandpracticalimplications59
2.1.3Thermalinstability61
2.1.4Availabletechnologies69
2.1.5Mixingsystems75
2.1.6Reactorsinvolvinggradualinjectionofpartofthereactants
andgradualeliminationofaproduct84
2.1.7Conclusion89
2.2Continuoustubularreactors89
2.2.1Massandenergybalances90
2.2.2Solutionsforafewsimplecases92
2.2.3Influenceofbackmixing94
2.2.4Availabletechnologies99
2.2.5Concludingremarks104
2.3Continuousstirredtankreactors(CSTR)104
2.3.1Massandenergybalances105
2.3.2Solutionsforsomesimplecases107
2.3.3Autothermaloperation110
2.3.4Themultistagereactor115
2.3.5Availabletechnologies116
2.3.6Conclusion123
2.4Comparisonofthedifferentreactortypes123
2.4.1Operatingconditionsandproductioncapacity123
2.4.2Conversion127
2.4.3Selectivity136
2.4.4Concludingremarks142
References143
Nomenclature144
TableofContentsIX
CHAPTER3·GENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFREACTORSWITHTWOFLUIDPHASES145
3.1Reviewoftwo-filmtheory145
3.2Masstransferaccompaniedbychemicalreaction148
3.2.1Irreversibleandisothermalreactioninasinglephase
andtransfertowardthereactionphase149
3.2.2CalculatingthelocalfluxofacompoundtransferredfromphaseItophaseII....161
3.2.3Efficiencyinareactionsystemwithtwofluidphases(first-orderreaction)161
3.2.4Extendingthestudyoftransferphenomenawithchemicalreaction
tosystemswithmorecomplexkinetics164
3.2.5Comparisonofvarioustheoriesofmasstransfer
accompaniedbychemicalreaction166
3.3Influenceofmasstransferonchemicaltransformation168
3.3.1Apparentreactionorder168
3.3.2Apparentactivationenergy172
3.3.3Influenceofmasstransferonselectivity173
3.4Designingareactorwithtwofluidphases184
3.4.1Batchreactorwithtwofluidphases184
3.4.2Semi-Continuousgas-liquidreactor188
3.4.3Tubularreactorwithtwofluidphases192
3.4.4Continuousstirredtankreactorwithtwofluidphases196
3.4.5Conclusion197
References199
Nomenclature200
CHAPTER4·EXPERIMENTALDATAANDCORRELATIONSFORGAS-LIQUIDREACTORS201
4.1Introductionandpreliminarydefinitions201
4.1.1Specificinterfacialarea203
4.1.2Holdup203
4.1.3Currentvaluesofdesignparameters203
4.2Bubblecolumns205
4.2.1Generalcharacteristics205
4.2.2Hydrodynamics207
4.2.3Masstransfer209
4.2.4Heattransfer226
4.2.5Generaldesignconsiderations226
4.2.6Alternativedesigns228
4.2.7Concludingremarks229
4.3Gaslifts229
4.3.1Generalcharacteristics229
4.3.2Hydrodynamics229
X TableofContents
4.3.3Masstransfer232
4.3.4Heattransferatthewall232
4.3.5Generaldesignconsiderations232
4.3.6Concludingremarks233
4.4Platecolumns233
4.4.1Generalfeatures233
4.4.2Hydrodynamics234
4.4.3Masstransfer236
4.4.4Constructiondetails238
4.4.5Submergedplatereactors240
4.4.6Concludingremarks240
4.5Packedcolumns241
4.5.1Generalcharacteristics241
4.5.2Hydrodynamics245
4.5.3Masstransfer249
4.5.4Unconventionalpackedcolumns251
4.5.5Selectioncriteriaandconstructiondetails253
4.5.6Comparisonofplatecolumnsandpackedcolumns255
4.5.7Concludingremarks256
4.6Fallinsfilmreactors257
4.6.1Generalcharacteristics258
4.6.2Hydrodynamics259
4.6.3Masstransfer261
4.6.4Heattransfer262
4.6.5Currentuses264
4.6.6Practicalapplications267
4.6.7Technology268
4.6.8Concludingremarks268
4.7Mechanicallyagitateddevices269
4.7.1Generalcharacteristics269
4.7.2Hydrodynamics269
4.7.3Masstransfer277
4.7.4Heattransfer278
4.7.5Constructiondetails278
4.7.6Concludingremarks279
4.8Ejectors279
4.8.1Bubblegeneration280
4.8.2Dropletgeneration283
4.9Inlinemixers288
4.9.1Emptypipes288
4.9.2Staticmixers289
TableofContentsXI
4.10Concludingremarks290
References292
Nomenclature297
CHAPTER5·EXPERIMENTALDATAANDCORREUTIONSFORLIQUID-LIQUIDREACTORS299
5.1Introduction299
5.1.1Hydrodynamicbehavior302
5.1.2Masstransfer305
5.1.3Scale-up307
5.2Spraycolumns308
5.2.1Hydrodynamics309
5.2.2Masstransfer311
5.2.3Technology312
5.2.4Concludingremarks313
5.3Perforatedplatecolumns313
5.3.1Hydrodynamics313
5.3.2Masstransfer317
5.3.3Technology317
5.3.4Concludingremarks319
5.4Packedcolumns319
5.4.1Hydrodynamics320
5.4.2Masstransfer322
5.4.3Technology322
5.4.4Pulsedpackedcolumns323
5.4.5Concludingremarks323
5.5Staticmixers323
5.5.1Hydrodynamics323
5.5.2Masstransfer325
5.5.3Technology326
5.5.4Concludingremarks326
5.6Columnswithrotaryagitators326
5.6.1Hydrodynamics329
5.6.2Masstransfer334
5.6.3Technology335
5.6.4Concludingremarks336
5.7Mixer-settlers336
5.7.1Hydrodynamics337
5.7.2Masstransfer338
5.7.3Consumedpower339
XIITableofContents
5.7.4Technology339
5.7.5Concludingremarks341
5.8Othertypesofequipment341
5.8.1Centrifugalextractors341
5.8.2Microreactors342
5.9Concludingremarks342
References344
Nomenclature346
CHAPTER6·GENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFHETEROGENEOUSCATALYTICREACTORS347
6.1Introduction347
6.2Thecatalyst347
6.2.1Thesolid348
6.2.2Thegrain348
6.2.3Granularmass353
6.2.4Monolithiccatalysts355
6.3Internaldiffusion358
6.3.1Planesurface359
6.3.2Homogeneoussphericalparticle360
6.3.3Sphericalparticlewithanactivezoneontheperiphery363
6.3.4Optimizationofcatalystgeometry365
6.4ExtendingtheconceptsoftheThielemodulusandeffectiveness367
6.4.1Non-sphericalgeometricshapes368
6.4.2Otherthanfirst-orderreactions368
6.4.3Reversiblereactions370
6.4.4Non-isochorousreactions371
6.4.5Non-isothermalreactions372
6.5Influenceofinternaldiffusionontheselectivityofcatalyticchemicalreactions375
6.5.1Independentparallelfirst-orderreactions375
6.5.2First-ordertwinreactions376
6.5.3Consecutivereactions377
6.6Estimatingthecoefficientofdiffusion£)e382
6.7Influenceofexternalmasstransfer:theconceptofglobaleffectiveness384
6.7.1Globaltransfercoefficient384
6.7.2Heattransferontheoutersurfaceofthegrain386
6.7.3Theconceptofglobalgraineffectiveness386
6.7.4Temperatureandconcentrationgradients387
6.8Apparentactivationenergyofheterogeneouscatalyticreactions388
TableofContents XIII
6.9Catalystdeactivation391
6.9.1Causesofcatalystdeactivation391
6.9.2Preventingcatalystdeactivation391
6.9.3Equationsfordeactivationkinetics391
6.9.4Deactivationaccompaniedbyinternaldiffusionlimitation392
6.9.5Concludingremarks393
6.10Useofheterogeneouscatalysts394
6.10.1Conditionsfortheoptimaluseofacatalyst394
6.10.2Thefixedbed394
6.10.3Themovingbed396
6.10.4Reactorswithcatalystinsuspension398
6.10.5Comparisonofcatalysttechnologies403
References408
Nomenclature408
CHAPTER7·REACTORSEMPLOYINGAFLUIDPHASEANDACATALYTICSOLIDPHASE:
FIXEDBED,MOVINGBED,FLUIDIZEDBED411
7.1Introduction411
7.2Fixed-bedcatalyticreactors411
7.2.1Writingthemassbalanceequations411
7.2.2Designingthecatalyticbed414
7.2.3Discussionconcerningthevalidityofthecriteriaused417
7.2.4Calculationofdynamicpressuredropinacatalyticreactor418
7.2.5Influenceofexternaltransferinfixed-bedcatalyticreactors419
7.2.6Criteriafordeterminingthepossibleinfluenceofexternalmasstransfer424
7.2.7Heattransferatthereactorwall425
7.2.8Thermalstabilityoffixed-bedcatalyticreactors428
7.2.9Practicalconsiderations429
7.2.10Concludingremarks443
7.3Moving-bedcatalyticreactors445
7.3.1Introduction445
7.3.2Designofthemoving-bedreactor445
7.3.3Applicationsofmoving-bedtechnology451
7.4Fluidized-bedreactorswithasinglefluidphase454
7.4.1Generalremarks454
7.4.2Thehydrodynamicsoffluidizedbeds455
7.4.3Minimumsuperficialvelocityoffluidization(VsF)m457
7.4.4Theterminalvelocityofaparticle460
7.4.5Expansioninafluidizedbed461
XIV TableofContents
7.4.6Fluidized-bedreactormodelsandcorrelations463
7.4.7Massandheattransferbetweenagasandasolidinthedensephase471
7.4.8Heattransferbetweenthewallandthefluidizedbed471
7.4.9Introductionofreactantsandwithdrawalofproducts472
7.4.10Industrialapplications474
References482
Nomenclature483
CHAPTER8·THREE-PHASEREACTORS:GAS,LIQUID,ANDCATALYTICSOLID485
8.1Introduction485
8.1.1Reactionatthesurfaceofanisolatedcatalystparticle486
8.2Characteristicsofthree-phasereactors491
8.2.1Bubblecolumns492
8.2.2Mechanicallyagitatedreactors501
8.2.3Fixedbedswithtwo-phaseflow502
8.2.4Moving-bedreactors528
8.2.5Three-phasefluidizedbedsorebullatedbeds530
8.3Currentusesandcomparisonofthree-phasereactors542
References545
Nomenclature551
CHAPTER9·CASESTUDIES553
9.1Batchandsemi-continuoushomogeneousreactors553
9.1.1Fundamentaldata553
9.1.2Batchreactor554
9.1.3Semi-Continuousreactor557
9.1.4Concludingremarks564
9.2Packedcolumngas-liquidreactor564
9.2.1Fundamentaldata565
9.2.2Writingthemolarandheatbalances568
9.2.3Calculatingthetransferparameters571
9.2.4Integrationofthedifferentialbalances572
9.2.5Columngeometricalcharacteristics575
9.2.6Concludingremarks575
9.3Fixed-bedcatalyticreactorwithasinglefluidphase577
9.3.1Fundamentaldata578
9.3.2Calculatingthevolumeofcatalyst579
9.3.3Costoptimization581
TableofContentsXV
9.3.4Presentationoftheresults584
9.3.5Calculatingconcentrationandtemperatureprofiles586
9.3.6Variants589
9.3.7Concludingremarks590
9.4Liquid-phasereactorwithacatalystinsuspension591
9.4.1Fundamentaldata591
9.4.2Processflowsheet592
9.4.3Molarbalances593
9.4.4Energybalances595
9.4.5Equipmentdesign597
9.4.6Costoptimization599
9.4.7Finalreactordesign602
9.4.8Concludingremarks603
9.5Fixed-bedcatalyticreactorswithtwofluidphases603
9.5.1Fundamentaldata603
9.5.2Processflowdiagram605
9.5.3Materialandheatbalances606
9.5.4Examinationofdiffusionlimitations608
9.5.5Calculatingthetransferparameters611
9.5.6Volumeofcatalystneeded616
9.5.7Calculatingthereactordimensions617
9.5.8Calculationsforotherequipment617
9.5.9Concludingremarks620
References620
CHAPTER10·MULTIFUNCTIONALREACTORSANDFUTUREDEVELOPMENTS621
10.1Classificationofmultifunctionalreactors621
10.2Reactionwithmasstransfer622
10.2.1Reactionwithadsorption622
10.2.2Reactionwithdistillation622
10.2.3Reactionwithabsoiption625
10.2.4Reactionwithextraction625
10.2.5Reactionwithfiltration627
10.2.6Reactionwithfluid-reactivesolidtransfer629
10.3Reactionwithenersytransfer630
10.3.1Heattransferthroughthewall630
10.3.2Heattransferbydirectcontactbetweenthephases630
10.3.3Radiativetransfer632
10.3.4Transferofelectricity634
XVITableofContents
10.4Reactionwithtransferofmomentum635
10.4.1Transferbyfrictionorshear635
10.4.2Transferbyacceleration637
10.4.3Transferbyimpulseorpressure637
10.5Futuredevelopments638
References640
GENERALNOMENCLATURE645
INDE
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EBOOK - Chemical reactors - From design to operation (Piere Trambouze) 2004.
Lò phản ứng hóa học - Từ thiết kế đến vận hành - (Piere Trambouze)
This in-depth revision provides a summary of current knowledge, updated based on the most recent literature in the field. The reader will find recommendations on the choice of correlations to apply, depending on the case, and useful references to the original documents on industrial processes. This practical user's guide is designed for engineers in industries involved with the problems of chemical transformations, and for professors and students of process engineering. Whether the reader is working in a design department, an engineering firm or an R&D department, or is managing production plants, he will find material here that is directly applicable to the solution of his problems.Contents: 1. Definitions and fundamental concepts. 2. Single-phase reactors. 3. General characteristics of reactors with two fluid phases. 4. Experimental data and correlations for gas-liquid reactors. 5. Experimental data and correlations for liquid-liquid reactors. 6. General characteristics of heterogeneous catalytic reactors. 7. Reactors employing a fluid phase and a catalytic solid phase: fixed bed, moving bed, fluidized bed. 8. Three-phase reactors: gas, liquid, and catalytic solid. 9. Case studies. 10. Multifunctional reactors and future developments. General nomenclature. Index.
CONTENTS:
CHAPTER1·DEFINITIONSANDFUNDAMENTALCONCEPTS1
1.1Definitionsofstoichiometricvalues1
1.1.1Stoichiometricrelations1
1.1.2Extentofreaction,conversion,selectivity,andyield2
1.1.3Massselectivityandyield5
1.1.4Concludingremarks5
1.2Chemicalthermodynamics5
1.2.1Energybalanceofthechemicaltransformation5
1.2.2Chemicalequilibria7
1.3Chemicalkinetics9
1.3.1Definitionofrateofreaction10
1.3.2Waysofexpressingtherateofreactionr,11
1.3.3Influenceoftemperature12
1.3.4Formalkineticexpressionsinvolvingfractionalorhighorders13
1.3.5Otherformsofkineticexpressionassociatedwithcatalyticprocesses13
1.3.6Heterogeneouscatalyticreactions15
1.3.7Groupsofcompounds16
1.3.8Kineticsbasedonelementarysteps23
1.3.9Conclusion23
1.4Reactortypes23
1.4.1Principalcharacteristicsofareactor24
1.4.2Classificationofreactors29
1.4.3Generalexpressionofmassandenthalpybalances30
1.4.4Applicationofthegeneralbalanceexpressionstothevarioustypesofidealreactor32
VIIITableofContents
1.5Residencetimedistribution35
1.5.1Typicaldistributionfunctionsoffluidflow35
1.5.2Experimentaldeterminationofdistributionfunctions38
1.5.3Distributionfunctionsforvarioustypesofflow40
1.6Macromixingandmicromixing42
1.6.1Earlinessofmixing43
1.6.2Segregationwithinafluid44
1.6.3Micromixing46
1.6.4Useofcomputationalfluiddynamicsmethods49
References49
Nomenclature51
CHAPTER2·SINGLE-PHASEREACTORS53
2.1Batchreactors53
2.1.1Massandenergybalances53
2.1.2Generalcaseandpracticalimplications59
2.1.3Thermalinstability61
2.1.4Availabletechnologies69
2.1.5Mixingsystems75
2.1.6Reactorsinvolvinggradualinjectionofpartofthereactants
andgradualeliminationofaproduct84
2.1.7Conclusion89
2.2Continuoustubularreactors89
2.2.1Massandenergybalances90
2.2.2Solutionsforafewsimplecases92
2.2.3Influenceofbackmixing94
2.2.4Availabletechnologies99
2.2.5Concludingremarks104
2.3Continuousstirredtankreactors(CSTR)104
2.3.1Massandenergybalances105
2.3.2Solutionsforsomesimplecases107
2.3.3Autothermaloperation110
2.3.4Themultistagereactor115
2.3.5Availabletechnologies116
2.3.6Conclusion123
2.4Comparisonofthedifferentreactortypes123
2.4.1Operatingconditionsandproductioncapacity123
2.4.2Conversion127
2.4.3Selectivity136
2.4.4Concludingremarks142
References143
Nomenclature144
TableofContentsIX
CHAPTER3·GENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFREACTORSWITHTWOFLUIDPHASES145
3.1Reviewoftwo-filmtheory145
3.2Masstransferaccompaniedbychemicalreaction148
3.2.1Irreversibleandisothermalreactioninasinglephase
andtransfertowardthereactionphase149
3.2.2CalculatingthelocalfluxofacompoundtransferredfromphaseItophaseII....161
3.2.3Efficiencyinareactionsystemwithtwofluidphases(first-orderreaction)161
3.2.4Extendingthestudyoftransferphenomenawithchemicalreaction
tosystemswithmorecomplexkinetics164
3.2.5Comparisonofvarioustheoriesofmasstransfer
accompaniedbychemicalreaction166
3.3Influenceofmasstransferonchemicaltransformation168
3.3.1Apparentreactionorder168
3.3.2Apparentactivationenergy172
3.3.3Influenceofmasstransferonselectivity173
3.4Designingareactorwithtwofluidphases184
3.4.1Batchreactorwithtwofluidphases184
3.4.2Semi-Continuousgas-liquidreactor188
3.4.3Tubularreactorwithtwofluidphases192
3.4.4Continuousstirredtankreactorwithtwofluidphases196
3.4.5Conclusion197
References199
Nomenclature200
CHAPTER4·EXPERIMENTALDATAANDCORRELATIONSFORGAS-LIQUIDREACTORS201
4.1Introductionandpreliminarydefinitions201
4.1.1Specificinterfacialarea203
4.1.2Holdup203
4.1.3Currentvaluesofdesignparameters203
4.2Bubblecolumns205
4.2.1Generalcharacteristics205
4.2.2Hydrodynamics207
4.2.3Masstransfer209
4.2.4Heattransfer226
4.2.5Generaldesignconsiderations226
4.2.6Alternativedesigns228
4.2.7Concludingremarks229
4.3Gaslifts229
4.3.1Generalcharacteristics229
4.3.2Hydrodynamics229
X TableofContents
4.3.3Masstransfer232
4.3.4Heattransferatthewall232
4.3.5Generaldesignconsiderations232
4.3.6Concludingremarks233
4.4Platecolumns233
4.4.1Generalfeatures233
4.4.2Hydrodynamics234
4.4.3Masstransfer236
4.4.4Constructiondetails238
4.4.5Submergedplatereactors240
4.4.6Concludingremarks240
4.5Packedcolumns241
4.5.1Generalcharacteristics241
4.5.2Hydrodynamics245
4.5.3Masstransfer249
4.5.4Unconventionalpackedcolumns251
4.5.5Selectioncriteriaandconstructiondetails253
4.5.6Comparisonofplatecolumnsandpackedcolumns255
4.5.7Concludingremarks256
4.6Fallinsfilmreactors257
4.6.1Generalcharacteristics258
4.6.2Hydrodynamics259
4.6.3Masstransfer261
4.6.4Heattransfer262
4.6.5Currentuses264
4.6.6Practicalapplications267
4.6.7Technology268
4.6.8Concludingremarks268
4.7Mechanicallyagitateddevices269
4.7.1Generalcharacteristics269
4.7.2Hydrodynamics269
4.7.3Masstransfer277
4.7.4Heattransfer278
4.7.5Constructiondetails278
4.7.6Concludingremarks279
4.8Ejectors279
4.8.1Bubblegeneration280
4.8.2Dropletgeneration283
4.9Inlinemixers288
4.9.1Emptypipes288
4.9.2Staticmixers289
TableofContentsXI
4.10Concludingremarks290
References292
Nomenclature297
CHAPTER5·EXPERIMENTALDATAANDCORREUTIONSFORLIQUID-LIQUIDREACTORS299
5.1Introduction299
5.1.1Hydrodynamicbehavior302
5.1.2Masstransfer305
5.1.3Scale-up307
5.2Spraycolumns308
5.2.1Hydrodynamics309
5.2.2Masstransfer311
5.2.3Technology312
5.2.4Concludingremarks313
5.3Perforatedplatecolumns313
5.3.1Hydrodynamics313
5.3.2Masstransfer317
5.3.3Technology317
5.3.4Concludingremarks319
5.4Packedcolumns319
5.4.1Hydrodynamics320
5.4.2Masstransfer322
5.4.3Technology322
5.4.4Pulsedpackedcolumns323
5.4.5Concludingremarks323
5.5Staticmixers323
5.5.1Hydrodynamics323
5.5.2Masstransfer325
5.5.3Technology326
5.5.4Concludingremarks326
5.6Columnswithrotaryagitators326
5.6.1Hydrodynamics329
5.6.2Masstransfer334
5.6.3Technology335
5.6.4Concludingremarks336
5.7Mixer-settlers336
5.7.1Hydrodynamics337
5.7.2Masstransfer338
5.7.3Consumedpower339
XIITableofContents
5.7.4Technology339
5.7.5Concludingremarks341
5.8Othertypesofequipment341
5.8.1Centrifugalextractors341
5.8.2Microreactors342
5.9Concludingremarks342
References344
Nomenclature346
CHAPTER6·GENERALCHARACTERISTICSOFHETEROGENEOUSCATALYTICREACTORS347
6.1Introduction347
6.2Thecatalyst347
6.2.1Thesolid348
6.2.2Thegrain348
6.2.3Granularmass353
6.2.4Monolithiccatalysts355
6.3Internaldiffusion358
6.3.1Planesurface359
6.3.2Homogeneoussphericalparticle360
6.3.3Sphericalparticlewithanactivezoneontheperiphery363
6.3.4Optimizationofcatalystgeometry365
6.4ExtendingtheconceptsoftheThielemodulusandeffectiveness367
6.4.1Non-sphericalgeometricshapes368
6.4.2Otherthanfirst-orderreactions368
6.4.3Reversiblereactions370
6.4.4Non-isochorousreactions371
6.4.5Non-isothermalreactions372
6.5Influenceofinternaldiffusionontheselectivityofcatalyticchemicalreactions375
6.5.1Independentparallelfirst-orderreactions375
6.5.2First-ordertwinreactions376
6.5.3Consecutivereactions377
6.6Estimatingthecoefficientofdiffusion£)e382
6.7Influenceofexternalmasstransfer:theconceptofglobaleffectiveness384
6.7.1Globaltransfercoefficient384
6.7.2Heattransferontheoutersurfaceofthegrain386
6.7.3Theconceptofglobalgraineffectiveness386
6.7.4Temperatureandconcentrationgradients387
6.8Apparentactivationenergyofheterogeneouscatalyticreactions388
TableofContents XIII
6.9Catalystdeactivation391
6.9.1Causesofcatalystdeactivation391
6.9.2Preventingcatalystdeactivation391
6.9.3Equationsfordeactivationkinetics391
6.9.4Deactivationaccompaniedbyinternaldiffusionlimitation392
6.9.5Concludingremarks393
6.10Useofheterogeneouscatalysts394
6.10.1Conditionsfortheoptimaluseofacatalyst394
6.10.2Thefixedbed394
6.10.3Themovingbed396
6.10.4Reactorswithcatalystinsuspension398
6.10.5Comparisonofcatalysttechnologies403
References408
Nomenclature408
CHAPTER7·REACTORSEMPLOYINGAFLUIDPHASEANDACATALYTICSOLIDPHASE:
FIXEDBED,MOVINGBED,FLUIDIZEDBED411
7.1Introduction411
7.2Fixed-bedcatalyticreactors411
7.2.1Writingthemassbalanceequations411
7.2.2Designingthecatalyticbed414
7.2.3Discussionconcerningthevalidityofthecriteriaused417
7.2.4Calculationofdynamicpressuredropinacatalyticreactor418
7.2.5Influenceofexternaltransferinfixed-bedcatalyticreactors419
7.2.6Criteriafordeterminingthepossibleinfluenceofexternalmasstransfer424
7.2.7Heattransferatthereactorwall425
7.2.8Thermalstabilityoffixed-bedcatalyticreactors428
7.2.9Practicalconsiderations429
7.2.10Concludingremarks443
7.3Moving-bedcatalyticreactors445
7.3.1Introduction445
7.3.2Designofthemoving-bedreactor445
7.3.3Applicationsofmoving-bedtechnology451
7.4Fluidized-bedreactorswithasinglefluidphase454
7.4.1Generalremarks454
7.4.2Thehydrodynamicsoffluidizedbeds455
7.4.3Minimumsuperficialvelocityoffluidization(VsF)m457
7.4.4Theterminalvelocityofaparticle460
7.4.5Expansioninafluidizedbed461
XIV TableofContents
7.4.6Fluidized-bedreactormodelsandcorrelations463
7.4.7Massandheattransferbetweenagasandasolidinthedensephase471
7.4.8Heattransferbetweenthewallandthefluidizedbed471
7.4.9Introductionofreactantsandwithdrawalofproducts472
7.4.10Industrialapplications474
References482
Nomenclature483
CHAPTER8·THREE-PHASEREACTORS:GAS,LIQUID,ANDCATALYTICSOLID485
8.1Introduction485
8.1.1Reactionatthesurfaceofanisolatedcatalystparticle486
8.2Characteristicsofthree-phasereactors491
8.2.1Bubblecolumns492
8.2.2Mechanicallyagitatedreactors501
8.2.3Fixedbedswithtwo-phaseflow502
8.2.4Moving-bedreactors528
8.2.5Three-phasefluidizedbedsorebullatedbeds530
8.3Currentusesandcomparisonofthree-phasereactors542
References545
Nomenclature551
CHAPTER9·CASESTUDIES553
9.1Batchandsemi-continuoushomogeneousreactors553
9.1.1Fundamentaldata553
9.1.2Batchreactor554
9.1.3Semi-Continuousreactor557
9.1.4Concludingremarks564
9.2Packedcolumngas-liquidreactor564
9.2.1Fundamentaldata565
9.2.2Writingthemolarandheatbalances568
9.2.3Calculatingthetransferparameters571
9.2.4Integrationofthedifferentialbalances572
9.2.5Columngeometricalcharacteristics575
9.2.6Concludingremarks575
9.3Fixed-bedcatalyticreactorwithasinglefluidphase577
9.3.1Fundamentaldata578
9.3.2Calculatingthevolumeofcatalyst579
9.3.3Costoptimization581
TableofContentsXV
9.3.4Presentationoftheresults584
9.3.5Calculatingconcentrationandtemperatureprofiles586
9.3.6Variants589
9.3.7Concludingremarks590
9.4Liquid-phasereactorwithacatalystinsuspension591
9.4.1Fundamentaldata591
9.4.2Processflowsheet592
9.4.3Molarbalances593
9.4.4Energybalances595
9.4.5Equipmentdesign597
9.4.6Costoptimization599
9.4.7Finalreactordesign602
9.4.8Concludingremarks603
9.5Fixed-bedcatalyticreactorswithtwofluidphases603
9.5.1Fundamentaldata603
9.5.2Processflowdiagram605
9.5.3Materialandheatbalances606
9.5.4Examinationofdiffusionlimitations608
9.5.5Calculatingthetransferparameters611
9.5.6Volumeofcatalystneeded616
9.5.7Calculatingthereactordimensions617
9.5.8Calculationsforotherequipment617
9.5.9Concludingremarks620
References620
CHAPTER10·MULTIFUNCTIONALREACTORSANDFUTUREDEVELOPMENTS621
10.1Classificationofmultifunctionalreactors621
10.2Reactionwithmasstransfer622
10.2.1Reactionwithadsorption622
10.2.2Reactionwithdistillation622
10.2.3Reactionwithabsoiption625
10.2.4Reactionwithextraction625
10.2.5Reactionwithfiltration627
10.2.6Reactionwithfluid-reactivesolidtransfer629
10.3Reactionwithenersytransfer630
10.3.1Heattransferthroughthewall630
10.3.2Heattransferbydirectcontactbetweenthephases630
10.3.3Radiativetransfer632
10.3.4Transferofelectricity634
XVITableofContents
10.4Reactionwithtransferofmomentum635
10.4.1Transferbyfrictionorshear635
10.4.2Transferbyacceleration637
10.4.3Transferbyimpulseorpressure637
10.5Futuredevelopments638
References640
GENERALNOMENCLATURE645
INDE
LINK 3 - TÌM KIẾM SÁCH/TÀI LIỆU ONLINE (GIÁ ƯU ĐÃI NHẤT)
LINK 4 - TÌM KIẾM SÁCH/TÀI LIỆU ONLINE (GIÁ ƯU ĐÃI NHẤT)
EBOOK - Chemical reactors - From design to operation (Piere Trambouze) 2004.

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