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EBOOK - The Embodied Mind - Cognitive Science and Human Experience - Full edition (Francisco J. Varela)
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EBOOK - Tâm trí hiện thân - Khoa học nhận thức và trải nghiệm của con người (Francisco J. Varela)
A new edition of a classic work that originated the “embodied cognition” movement and was one of the first to link science and Buddhist practices.
This classic book, first published in 1991, was one of the first to propose the “embodied cognition” approach in cognitive science. It pioneered the connections between phenomenology and science and between Buddhist practices and science—claims that have since become highly influential. Through this cross-fertilization of disparate fields of study, The Embodied Mind introduced a new form of cognitive science called “enaction,” in which both the environment and first person experience are aspects of embodiment. However, enactive embodiment is not the grasping of an independent, outside world by a brain, a mind, or a self; rather it is the bringing forth of an interdependent world in and through embodied action. Although enacted cognition lacks an absolute foundation, the book shows how that does not lead to either experiential or philosophical nihilism. Above all, the book's arguments were powered by the conviction that the sciences of mind must encompass lived human experience and the possibilities for transformation inherent in human experience.
This revised edition includes substantive introductions by Evan Thompson and Eleanor Rosch that clarify central arguments of the work and discuss and evaluate subsequent research that has expanded on the themes of the book, including the renewed theoretical and practical interest in Buddhism and mindfulness. A preface by Jon Kabat-Zinn, the originator of the mindfulness-based stress reduction program, contextualizes the book and describes its influence on his life and work.
Contents
Foreword to the Revised Edition xi
Jon Kabat-Zinn
Introduction to the Revised Edition xvii
Evan Thompson
Introduction to the Revised Edition xxxv
Eleanor Rosch
Acknowledgments lvii
Introduction lxi
I THE DEPARTING GROUND 1
1 A Fundamental Circularity: In the Mind of the Reflective
Scientist 3
An Already-Given Condition 3
What Is Cognitive Science? 4
Cognitive Science within the Circle 9
The Theme of This Book 12
2 What Do We Mean “Human Experience”? 15
Science and the Phenomenological Tradition 15
The Breakdown of Phenomenology 18
A Non-Western Philosophical Tradition 21
Examining Experience with a Method: Mindfulness/Awareness 23
The Role of Reflection in the Analysis of Experience 27
Experimentation and Experiential Analysis 31
viii Contents
II VARIETIES OF COGNITIVISM 35
3 Symbols: The Cognitivist Hypothesis 37
The Foundational Cloud 37
Defining the Cognitivist Hypothesis 40
Manifestations of Cognitivism 43
Cognitivism and Human Experience 48
Experience and the Computational Mind 52
4 The I of the Storm 59
What Do We Mean by “Self”? 59
Looking for a Self in the Aggregates 63
Momentariness and the Brain 72
The Aggregates without a Self 79
III VARIETIES OF EMERGENCE 83
5 Emergent Properties and Connectionism 85
Self-Organization: The Roots of an Alternative 85
The Connectionist Strategy 87
Emergence and Self-Organization 88
Connectionism Today 91
Neuronal Emergences 93
Exeunt the Symbols 98
Linking Symbols and Emergence 100
6 Selfless Minds 105
Societies of Mind 105
The Society of Object Relations 108
Codependent Arising 110
Basic Element Analysis 117
Mindfulness and Freedom 122
Selfless Minds; Divided Agents 123
Minding the World 130
IV STEPS TO A MIDDLE WAY 131
7 The Cartesian Anxiety 133
A Sense of Dissatisfaction 133
Representation Revisited 134
Contents ix
The Cartesian Anxiety 140
Steps to a Middle Way 143
8 Enaction: Embodied Cognition 147
Recovering Common Sense 147
Self-Organization Revisited 150
Color as a Study Case 157
Cognition as Embodied Action 172
The Retreat into Natural Selection 180
9 Evolutionary Path Making and Natural Drift 185
Adaptationism: An Idea in Transition 185
A Horizon of Multiple Mechanisms 188
Beyond the Best in Evolution and Cognition 193
Evolution: Ecology and Development in Congruence 195
Lessons from Evolution as Natural Drift 200
Defining the Enactive Approach 205
Enactive Cognitive Science 207
In Conclusion 212
V WORLDS WITHOUT GROUND 215
10 The Middle Way 217
Evocations of Groundlessness 217
Nagarjuna and the Madhyamaka Tradition 219
The Two Truths 226
Groundlessness in Contemporary Thought 228
11 Laying Down a Path in Walking 235
Science and Experience in Circulation 235
Nihilism and the Need for Planetary Thinking 237
Nishitani Keiji 239
Ethics and Human Transformation 243
Appendix A Meditation Terminology 253
Appendix B Categories of Experiential Events Used in Mindfulness/
Awareness 255
Appendix C Works on Buddhism and Mindfulness/Awareness 259
Notes 261
References 285
Index 307
EBOOK - Tâm trí hiện thân - Khoa học nhận thức và trải nghiệm của con người (Francisco J. Varela)
A new edition of a classic work that originated the “embodied cognition” movement and was one of the first to link science and Buddhist practices.
This classic book, first published in 1991, was one of the first to propose the “embodied cognition” approach in cognitive science. It pioneered the connections between phenomenology and science and between Buddhist practices and science—claims that have since become highly influential. Through this cross-fertilization of disparate fields of study, The Embodied Mind introduced a new form of cognitive science called “enaction,” in which both the environment and first person experience are aspects of embodiment. However, enactive embodiment is not the grasping of an independent, outside world by a brain, a mind, or a self; rather it is the bringing forth of an interdependent world in and through embodied action. Although enacted cognition lacks an absolute foundation, the book shows how that does not lead to either experiential or philosophical nihilism. Above all, the book's arguments were powered by the conviction that the sciences of mind must encompass lived human experience and the possibilities for transformation inherent in human experience.
This revised edition includes substantive introductions by Evan Thompson and Eleanor Rosch that clarify central arguments of the work and discuss and evaluate subsequent research that has expanded on the themes of the book, including the renewed theoretical and practical interest in Buddhism and mindfulness. A preface by Jon Kabat-Zinn, the originator of the mindfulness-based stress reduction program, contextualizes the book and describes its influence on his life and work.
Contents
Foreword to the Revised Edition xi
Jon Kabat-Zinn
Introduction to the Revised Edition xvii
Evan Thompson
Introduction to the Revised Edition xxxv
Eleanor Rosch
Acknowledgments lvii
Introduction lxi
I THE DEPARTING GROUND 1
1 A Fundamental Circularity: In the Mind of the Reflective
Scientist 3
An Already-Given Condition 3
What Is Cognitive Science? 4
Cognitive Science within the Circle 9
The Theme of This Book 12
2 What Do We Mean “Human Experience”? 15
Science and the Phenomenological Tradition 15
The Breakdown of Phenomenology 18
A Non-Western Philosophical Tradition 21
Examining Experience with a Method: Mindfulness/Awareness 23
The Role of Reflection in the Analysis of Experience 27
Experimentation and Experiential Analysis 31
viii Contents
II VARIETIES OF COGNITIVISM 35
3 Symbols: The Cognitivist Hypothesis 37
The Foundational Cloud 37
Defining the Cognitivist Hypothesis 40
Manifestations of Cognitivism 43
Cognitivism and Human Experience 48
Experience and the Computational Mind 52
4 The I of the Storm 59
What Do We Mean by “Self”? 59
Looking for a Self in the Aggregates 63
Momentariness and the Brain 72
The Aggregates without a Self 79
III VARIETIES OF EMERGENCE 83
5 Emergent Properties and Connectionism 85
Self-Organization: The Roots of an Alternative 85
The Connectionist Strategy 87
Emergence and Self-Organization 88
Connectionism Today 91
Neuronal Emergences 93
Exeunt the Symbols 98
Linking Symbols and Emergence 100
6 Selfless Minds 105
Societies of Mind 105
The Society of Object Relations 108
Codependent Arising 110
Basic Element Analysis 117
Mindfulness and Freedom 122
Selfless Minds; Divided Agents 123
Minding the World 130
IV STEPS TO A MIDDLE WAY 131
7 The Cartesian Anxiety 133
A Sense of Dissatisfaction 133
Representation Revisited 134
Contents ix
The Cartesian Anxiety 140
Steps to a Middle Way 143
8 Enaction: Embodied Cognition 147
Recovering Common Sense 147
Self-Organization Revisited 150
Color as a Study Case 157
Cognition as Embodied Action 172
The Retreat into Natural Selection 180
9 Evolutionary Path Making and Natural Drift 185
Adaptationism: An Idea in Transition 185
A Horizon of Multiple Mechanisms 188
Beyond the Best in Evolution and Cognition 193
Evolution: Ecology and Development in Congruence 195
Lessons from Evolution as Natural Drift 200
Defining the Enactive Approach 205
Enactive Cognitive Science 207
In Conclusion 212
V WORLDS WITHOUT GROUND 215
10 The Middle Way 217
Evocations of Groundlessness 217
Nagarjuna and the Madhyamaka Tradition 219
The Two Truths 226
Groundlessness in Contemporary Thought 228
11 Laying Down a Path in Walking 235
Science and Experience in Circulation 235
Nihilism and the Need for Planetary Thinking 237
Nishitani Keiji 239
Ethics and Human Transformation 243
Appendix A Meditation Terminology 253
Appendix B Categories of Experiential Events Used in Mindfulness/
Awareness 255
Appendix C Works on Buddhism and Mindfulness/Awareness 259
Notes 261
References 285
Index 307
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