EBOOK - Wind Power Electric Systems - Modeling Simulation and Control (Djamila Rekioua)

Hệ thống điện sử dụng năng lượng gió.

Many books currently on the market are treating on the wind energy and wind energy conversion systems. This book treats not only elementary definitions on wind energy, but also optimization, modelization, simulation, and various linear and nonlinear controls applied to wind systems with applications under MATLAB/ Simulink.
The main objective of this book is to enable all students for graduation and postgraduations especially in the fields of electrical engineering to quickly understand the concepts of wind systems, provide models, control, and optimization. We present in first part, some stand-alone wind applications, such as rural electrification and pumping. And in second part, we give some applications in grid-connected system. Mathematical models are given for each system and a xix corresponding example under MATLAB/Simulink package is given at the end of each section. Various examples are given for an eventual implementation under DSPACE package. Some electrical machine control approaches, such as vector control, direct torque control, and fuzzy logic controllers are introduced in different drive systems. Furthermore, in order to optimize the wind operation, intelligent techniques are developed. By writing this book, we complete the existing knowledge in the field of wind and the reader will learn how to make the modeling and the optimization of the most used stand-alone and grid-onnected
wind applications by applying different control strategies.


Conversion Wind System Overview....................... 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Global Structure of a Conversion Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 Wind Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.2 Aerogenerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Power Electronics Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.4 Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.3 Introduction to Wind Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3.1 Stand-Alone Wind Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3.2 Directly Coupled Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3.3 Stand-Alone Wind System with Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.3.4 Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.3.5 Grid Wind Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.3.6 Sizing of Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.4 Maintenance of Wind Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.4.1 Large Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.4.2 Low Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.5 Total Costs for Wind Turbine Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.6 Onshore and Offshore Wind Power Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.6.1 Onshore Wind Power Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.6.2 Offshore Wind Power Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2 Wind Energy Conversion and Power Electronics Modeling...... 51
2.1 Wind Energy Conversion Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.1.1 Aerogenerator Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.2 Power Electronics Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.2.1 Soft Starter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.2.2 Capacitor Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.2.3 Diode Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.2.4 The Back-to-Back PWM-VSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.2.5 Tandem Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.2.6 Matrix Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.2.7 Multilevel Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.2.8 DC/DC Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.2.9 Load Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.2.10 Grid Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3 Optimisation of Wind System Conversion................... 77
3.1 Introduction to Optimization Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O) Technique or Hill
Climb Searching (HCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2.2 Tip Speed Ratio Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2.3 Power Signal Feedback (PSF) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.3 Optimal Torque Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.4 Sliding Mode Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.5 Fuzzy Logic Controller Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.6 Adaptative Fuzzy Logic Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.7 Artificial Neural Networks Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.8 Radial Basis Function Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.9 Particle Swarm Optimization Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.9.1 Adaptative Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.9.2 Comparison Between Different
Optimization Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4 Modeling of Storage Systems............................ 107
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.2 Electrochemical Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.2.1 Electrochemical Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.2.2 Electrochemical Battery Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.3 Hydrogen Energy Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.4 Mechanical Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.4.1 Flywheel Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.4.2 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.4.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.5 Electromagnetic Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.5.1 Supercapacitor Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.5.2 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.6 Thermal Energy Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
viii Contents
5 Control of Wind Turbine Systems ........................ 133
5.1 Basic Principles of Wind Turbine Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2 Level 1 (Mechanical Part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2.1 No Linear Control by Static State Feedback . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2.2 No Linear Dynamic Control by State Feedback. . . . . . . 135
5.2.3 Indirect Speed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.2.4 Comparison Between the Three Controls . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.3 Level 2 (Electrical Part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.3.1 Scalar Control of Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.3.2 Vector Control of Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.3.3 Direct Torque Control of Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.3.4 Modulated Hysteresis Direct Torque Control
of Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.3.5 Direct Power Control of Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.3.6 Sliding Mode Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.3.7 Fuzzy Logic Controller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6 Hybrid Wind Systems ................................. 163
6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Hybrid System. . . . . . . . . . 163
6.1.1 Advantages of Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.1.2 Disadvantages of a Hybrid System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.2 Configuration of Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.2.1 Architecture of DC Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.2.2 Architecture of AC Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.2.3 Architecture of DC/AC Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.2.4 Classifications of Hybrid Energy Systems. . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.3 Different Combinations of Hybrid Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.3.1 Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.3.2 Sizing of Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic System . . . . . . . . . 168
6.4 Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic/Diesel Generator System . . . . . . . . . 173
6.5 Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind//Hydro System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.6 Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind/Fuel Cell System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7 Examples of Wind Systems.............................. 185
7.1 Examples of Wind Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.1.1 Wind Turbine of 600 W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.1.2 Wind Turbine of 1 kW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.2 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

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Hệ thống điện sử dụng năng lượng gió.

Many books currently on the market are treating on the wind energy and wind energy conversion systems. This book treats not only elementary definitions on wind energy, but also optimization, modelization, simulation, and various linear and nonlinear controls applied to wind systems with applications under MATLAB/ Simulink.
The main objective of this book is to enable all students for graduation and postgraduations especially in the fields of electrical engineering to quickly understand the concepts of wind systems, provide models, control, and optimization. We present in first part, some stand-alone wind applications, such as rural electrification and pumping. And in second part, we give some applications in grid-connected system. Mathematical models are given for each system and a xix corresponding example under MATLAB/Simulink package is given at the end of each section. Various examples are given for an eventual implementation under DSPACE package. Some electrical machine control approaches, such as vector control, direct torque control, and fuzzy logic controllers are introduced in different drive systems. Furthermore, in order to optimize the wind operation, intelligent techniques are developed. By writing this book, we complete the existing knowledge in the field of wind and the reader will learn how to make the modeling and the optimization of the most used stand-alone and grid-onnected
wind applications by applying different control strategies.


Conversion Wind System Overview....................... 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Global Structure of a Conversion Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 Wind Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.2 Aerogenerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Power Electronics Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.4 Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.3 Introduction to Wind Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3.1 Stand-Alone Wind Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3.2 Directly Coupled Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3.3 Stand-Alone Wind System with Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.3.4 Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.3.5 Grid Wind Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.3.6 Sizing of Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.4 Maintenance of Wind Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.4.1 Large Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.4.2 Low Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.5 Total Costs for Wind Turbine Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.6 Onshore and Offshore Wind Power Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.6.1 Onshore Wind Power Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.6.2 Offshore Wind Power Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2 Wind Energy Conversion and Power Electronics Modeling...... 51
2.1 Wind Energy Conversion Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.1.1 Aerogenerator Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.2 Power Electronics Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.2.1 Soft Starter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.2.2 Capacitor Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.2.3 Diode Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.2.4 The Back-to-Back PWM-VSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.2.5 Tandem Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.2.6 Matrix Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.2.7 Multilevel Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.2.8 DC/DC Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.2.9 Load Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.2.10 Grid Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3 Optimisation of Wind System Conversion................... 77
3.1 Introduction to Optimization Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O) Technique or Hill
Climb Searching (HCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2.2 Tip Speed Ratio Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2.3 Power Signal Feedback (PSF) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.3 Optimal Torque Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.4 Sliding Mode Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.5 Fuzzy Logic Controller Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.6 Adaptative Fuzzy Logic Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.7 Artificial Neural Networks Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.8 Radial Basis Function Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.9 Particle Swarm Optimization Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.9.1 Adaptative Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.9.2 Comparison Between Different
Optimization Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4 Modeling of Storage Systems............................ 107
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.2 Electrochemical Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.2.1 Electrochemical Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.2.2 Electrochemical Battery Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.3 Hydrogen Energy Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.4 Mechanical Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.4.1 Flywheel Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.4.2 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.4.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.5 Electromagnetic Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.5.1 Supercapacitor Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.5.2 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.6 Thermal Energy Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
viii Contents
5 Control of Wind Turbine Systems ........................ 133
5.1 Basic Principles of Wind Turbine Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2 Level 1 (Mechanical Part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2.1 No Linear Control by Static State Feedback . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2.2 No Linear Dynamic Control by State Feedback. . . . . . . 135
5.2.3 Indirect Speed Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.2.4 Comparison Between the Three Controls . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.3 Level 2 (Electrical Part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.3.1 Scalar Control of Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.3.2 Vector Control of Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.3.3 Direct Torque Control of Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.3.4 Modulated Hysteresis Direct Torque Control
of Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.3.5 Direct Power Control of Wind System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.3.6 Sliding Mode Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.3.7 Fuzzy Logic Controller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6 Hybrid Wind Systems ................................. 163
6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Hybrid System. . . . . . . . . . 163
6.1.1 Advantages of Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.1.2 Disadvantages of a Hybrid System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.2 Configuration of Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.2.1 Architecture of DC Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.2.2 Architecture of AC Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.2.3 Architecture of DC/AC Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.2.4 Classifications of Hybrid Energy Systems. . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.3 Different Combinations of Hybrid Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.3.1 Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.3.2 Sizing of Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic System . . . . . . . . . 168
6.4 Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic/Diesel Generator System . . . . . . . . . 173
6.5 Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind//Hydro System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.6 Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind/Fuel Cell System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7 Examples of Wind Systems.............................. 185
7.1 Examples of Wind Turbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.1.1 Wind Turbine of 600 W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.1.2 Wind Turbine of 1 kW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.2 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

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Chuyên mục: C. Bài giảng C. Bài giảng chuyên ngành Nhiệt Lạnh (Heat and Refrigeration) C. Bài giảng kỹ thuật