EBOOK - Structural Steel Design (JACK C. McCORMAC & STEPHEN F. CSERNAK)

This textbook has been prepared with the hope that its readers will, as have so many engineers in the past, become interested in structural steel design and want to maintain and increase their knowledge on the subject throughout their careers in the engineering and construction industries.The material was prepared primarily for an introductory course in the junior or senior year but the last several chapters may be used for a graduate class.
The authors have assumed that the student has previously taken introductory courses in mechanics of materials and structural analysis.
The authors’ major objective in preparing this new edition was to update the text to conform to both the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) 2010 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings and the 14th edition of the AISC Steel Construction Manual published in 2011.

Preface 3
CHAPTER 1Introduction to Structural Steel Design 13
1.1 Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material 13
1.2 Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material 15
1.3 Early Uses of Iron and Steel 16
1.4 Steel Sections 19
1.5 Metric Units 24
1.6 Cold-Formed Light-Gage Steel Shapes 24
1.7 Stress–Strain Relationships in Structural Steel 25
1.8 Modern Structural Steels 31
1.9 Uses of High-Strength Steels 34
1.10 Measurement of Toughness 36
1.11 Jumbo Sections 38
1.12 Lamellar Tearing 38
1.13 Furnishing of Structural Steel 39
1.14 The Work of the Structural Designer 42
1.15 Responsibilities of the Structural Designer 43
1.16 Economical Design of Steel Members 43
1.17 Failure of Structures 46
1.18 Handling and Shipping Structural Steel 49
1.19 Calculation Accuracy 49
1.20 Computers and Structural Steel Design 49
1.21 Problems for Solution 50
CHAPTER 2Specifications, Loads, and Methods of Design 51
2.1 Specifications and Building Codes 51
2.2 Loads 53
2.3 Dead Loads 53
2.4 Live Loads 54
6 Contents
2.5 Environmental Loads 57
2.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) and Allowable Strength Design (ASD) 63
2.7 Nominal Strengths 64
2.8 Shading 64
2.9 Computation of Loads for LRFD and ASD 64
2.10 Computing Combined Loads with LRFD Expressions 65
2.11 Computing Combined Loads with ASD Expressions 69
2.12 Two Methods of Obtaining an Acceptable Level of Safety 70
2.13 Discussion of Sizes of Load Factors and Safety Factors 71
2.14 Author’s Comment 72
2.15 Problems for Solution 72
CHAPTER 3Analysis of Tension Members 74
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Nominal Strengths of Tension Members 77
3.3 Net Areas 79
3.4 Effect of Staggered Holes 81
3.5 Effective Net Areas 86
3.6 Connecting Elements for Tension Members 96
3.7 Block Shear 97
3.8 Problems for Solution 106
CHAPTER 4Design of Tension Members 115
4.1 Selection of Sections 115
4.2 Built-Up Tension Members 123
4.3 Rods and Bars 127
4.4 Pin-Connected Members 132
4.5 Design for Fatigue Loads 134
4.6 Problems for Solution 137
CHAPTER 5Introduction to Axially Loaded Compression Members 141
5.1 General 141
5.2 Residual Stresses 144
5.3 Sections Used for Columns 145
5.4 Development of Column Formulas 149
5.5 The Euler Formula 151
5.6 End Restraint and Effective Lengths of Columns 153
5.7 Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements 156
5.8 Long, Short, and Intermediate Columns 157
5.9 Column Formulas 160
5.10 Maximum Slenderness Ratios 162
CHAPTER 6Design of Axially Loaded Compression Members 175
6.1 Introduction 175
6.2 AISC Design Tables 178
6.3 Column Splices 183
6.4 Built-Up Columns 186
6.5 Built-Up Columns with Components
in Contact with Each Other 187
6.6 Connection Requirements for Built-Up Columns Whose Components Are in Contact with Each Other 188
6.7 Built-Up Columns with Components not in Contact with Each Other 194
6.8 Single-Angle Compression Members 199
6.9 Sections Containing Slender Elements 201
6.10 Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Compression Members 203
6.11 Problems for Solution  208
CHAPTER 7Design of Axially Loaded Compression Members (Continued)
and Column Base Plates 212
7.1 Introduction 212
7.2 Further Discussion of Effective Lengths 213
7.3 Frames Meeting Alignment Chart Assumptions 217
7.4 Frames Not Meeting Alignment Chart Assumptions as to Joint Rotations 220
7.5 Stiffness-Reduction Factors 223
7.6 Columns Leaning on Each Other for In-Plane Design 227
7.7 Base Plates for Concentrically Loaded Columns 230
7.8 Problems for Solution 244
CHAPTER 8Introduction to Beams 249
8.1 Types of Beams 249
8.2 Sections Used as Beams 249
8.3 Bending Stresses 250
8.4 Plastic Hinges 251
8.5 Elastic Design 252
8.6 The Plastic Modulus 252
8.7 Theory of Plastic Analysis 255
8.8 The Collapse Mechanism 256
8.9 The Virtual-Work Method 257
5.11 Example Problems 162
5.12 Problems for Solution 170
8.10 Location of Plastic Hinge for Uniform Loadings 261
8.11 Continuous Beams 262
8.12 Building Frames 264
8.13 Problems for Solution 266
CHAPTER 9Design of Beams for Moments 275
9.1 Introduction 275
9.2 Yielding Behavior—Full Plastic Moment, Zone 1 278
9.3 Design of Beams, Zone 1 279
9.4 Lateral Support of Beams 287
9.5 Introduction to Inelastic Buckling, Zone 2 289
9.6 Moment Capacities, Zone 2 293
9.7 Elastic Buckling, Zone 3 295
9.8 Design Charts 297
9.9 Noncompact Sections 302
9.10 Problems for Solution 307
CHAPTER 10Design of Beams—Miscellaneous Topics (Shear, Deflection, etc.) 314
10.1 Design of Continuous Beams 314
10.2 Shear 316
10.3 Deflections 322
10.4 Webs and Flanges with Concentrated Loads 328
10.5 Unsymmetrical Bending 336
10.6 Design of Purlins 339
10.7 The Shear Center 342
10.8 Beam-Bearing Plates 347
10.9 Lateral Bracing at Member Ends Supported on Base Plates 351
10.10 Problems for Solution 352
CHAPTER 11Bending and Axial Force 358
11.1 Occurrence 358
11.2 Members Subject to Bending and Axial Tension 359
11.3 First-Order and Second-Order Moments for Members Subject to Axial Compression and Bending 362
11.4 Direct Analysis Method (DAM) 364
11.5 Effective Length Method (ELM) 365
11.6 Approximate Second-Order Analysis 366
11.7 Beam–Columns in Braced Frames 371
11.8 Beam–Columns in Unbraced Frames 383
11.9 Design of Beam–Columns—Braced or Unbraced 390
11.10 Problems for Solution 398
CHAPTER 12Bolted Connections 402
12.1 Introduction 402
12.2 Types of Bolts 402
12.3 History of High-Strength Bolts 403
12.4 Advantages of High-Strength Bolts 404
12.5 Snug-Tight, Pretensioned, and Slip-Critical Bolts 404
12.6 Methods for Fully Pretensioning High-Strength Bolts 408
12.7 Slip-Resistant Connections and Bearing-Type Connections 410
12.8 Mixed Joints 411
12.9 Sizes of Bolt Holes 412
12.10 Load Transfer and Types of Joints 413
12.11 Failure of Bolted Joints 416
12.12 Spacing and Edge Distances of Bolts 417
12.13 Bearing-Type Connections—Loads Passing Through Center of Gravity of Connections 420
12.14 Slip-Critical Connections—Loads Passing Through Center of Gravity of Connections 431
12.15 Problems for Solution 435
CHAPTER 13Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections and Historical Notes on Rivets 442
13.1 Bolts Subjected to Eccentric Shear 442
13.2 Bolts Subjected to Shear and Tension (Bearing-Type Connections) 456
13.3 Bolts Subjected to Shear and Tension
(Slip-Critical Connections) 459
13.4 Tension Loads on Bolted Joints 460
13.5 Prying Action 463
13.6 Historical Notes on Rivets 466
13.7 Types of Rivets 467
13.8 Strength of Riveted Connections—Rivets in Shear and Bearing 469
13.9 Problems for Solution 473
CHAPTER 14Welded Connections 481
14.1 General 481
14.2 Advantages of Welding 482
14.3 American Welding Society 483
14.4 Types of Welding 483
14.5 Prequalified Welding 487
14.6 Welding Inspection 487
14.7 Classification of Welds 490
14.8 Welding Symbols 492
14.9 Groove Welds 494
14.10 Fillet Welds 496
14.11 Strength of Welds 497
14.12 AISC Requirements 498
14.13 Design of Simple Fillet Welds 503
14.14 Design of Connections for Members with Both Longitudinal and Transverse Fillet Welds 509
14.15 Some Miscellaneous Comments 510
14.16 Design of Fillet Welds for Truss Members 511
14.17 Plug and Slot Welds 515
14.18 Shear and Torsion 518
14.19 Shear and Bending 525
14.20 Full-Penetration and Partial-Penetration Groove Welds 527
14.21 Problems for Solution 531
CHAPTER 15Building Connections 540
15.1 Selection of Type of Fastener 540
15.2 Types of Beam Connections 541
15.3 Standard Bolted Beam Connections 548
15.4 AISC Manual Standard Connection Tables 551
15.5 Designs of Standard Bolted Framed Connections 551
15.6 Designs of Standard Welded Framed Connections 554
15.7 Single-Plate, or Shear Tab, Framing Connections 556
15.8 End-Plate Shear Connections 559
15.9 Designs of Welded Seated Beam Connections 560
15.10 Designs of Stiffened Seated Beam Connections 562
15.11 Designs of Moment-Resisting FR Moment Connections 563
15.12 Column Web Stiffeners 567
15.13 Problems for Solution 570
CHAPTER 16Composite Beams 574
16.1 Composite Construction 574
16.2 Advantages of Composite Construction 575
16.3 Discussion of Shoring 577
16.4 Effective Flange Widths 578
16.5 Shear Transfer 579
16.6 Partially Composite Beams 582
16.7 Strength of Shear Connectors 582
16.8 Number, Spacing, and Cover Requirements for Shear Connectors 583
16.9 Moment Capacity of Composite Sections 585
16.10 Deflections 590
16.11 Design of Composite Sections 591
16.12 Continuous Composite Sections 600
16.13 Design of Concrete-Encased Sections 601
16.14 Problems for Solution 604
CHAPTER 17Composite Columns 608
17.1 Introduction 608
17.2 Advantages of Composite Columns 609
17.3 Disadvantages of Composite Columns 611
17.4 Lateral Bracing 611
17.5 Specifications for Composite Columns 612
17.6 Axial Design Strengths of Composite Columns 614
17.7 Shear Strength of Composite Columns 619
17.8 LRFD and ASD Tables 620
17.9 Load Transfer at Footings and Other Connections 621
17.10 Tensile Strength of Composite Columns 622
17.11 Axial Load and Bending 622
17.12 Problems for Solution 622
CHAPTER 18Cover-Plated Beams and Built-up Girders 625
18.1 Cover-Plated Beams 625
18.2 Built-up Girders 628
18.3 Built-up Girder Proportions 630
18.4 Flexural Strength 636
18.5 Tension Field Action 641
18.6 Design of Stiffeners 646
18.7 Problems for Solution 652
CHAPTER 19Design of Steel Buildings 654
19.1 Introduction to Low-Rise Buildings 654
19.2 Types of Steel Frames Used for Buildings 654
19.3 Common Types of Floor Construction 658
19.4 Concrete Slabs on Open-Web Steel Joists 659
19.5 One-Way and Two-Way Reinforced-Concrete Slabs 662
19.6 Composite Floors 663
19.7 Concrete-Pan Floors 664
19.8 Steel Floor Deck 665
19.9 Flat Slab Floors 667
19.10 Precast Concrete Floors 668
19.11 Types of Roof Construction 670
19.12 Exterior Walls and Interior Partitions 671
19.13 Fireproofing of Structural Steel 671
19.14 Introduction to High-Rise Buildings 672
19.15 Discussion of Lateral Forces 674
19.16 Types of Lateral Bracing 675
19.17 Analysis of Buildings with Diagonal Wind Bracing for Lateral Forces 681
19.18 Moment-Resisting Joints 683
19.19 Design of Buildings for Gravity Loads 684
19.20 Selection of Members 688

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This textbook has been prepared with the hope that its readers will, as have so many engineers in the past, become interested in structural steel design and want to maintain and increase their knowledge on the subject throughout their careers in the engineering and construction industries.The material was prepared primarily for an introductory course in the junior or senior year but the last several chapters may be used for a graduate class.
The authors have assumed that the student has previously taken introductory courses in mechanics of materials and structural analysis.
The authors’ major objective in preparing this new edition was to update the text to conform to both the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) 2010 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings and the 14th edition of the AISC Steel Construction Manual published in 2011.

Preface 3
CHAPTER 1Introduction to Structural Steel Design 13
1.1 Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material 13
1.2 Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material 15
1.3 Early Uses of Iron and Steel 16
1.4 Steel Sections 19
1.5 Metric Units 24
1.6 Cold-Formed Light-Gage Steel Shapes 24
1.7 Stress–Strain Relationships in Structural Steel 25
1.8 Modern Structural Steels 31
1.9 Uses of High-Strength Steels 34
1.10 Measurement of Toughness 36
1.11 Jumbo Sections 38
1.12 Lamellar Tearing 38
1.13 Furnishing of Structural Steel 39
1.14 The Work of the Structural Designer 42
1.15 Responsibilities of the Structural Designer 43
1.16 Economical Design of Steel Members 43
1.17 Failure of Structures 46
1.18 Handling and Shipping Structural Steel 49
1.19 Calculation Accuracy 49
1.20 Computers and Structural Steel Design 49
1.21 Problems for Solution 50
CHAPTER 2Specifications, Loads, and Methods of Design 51
2.1 Specifications and Building Codes 51
2.2 Loads 53
2.3 Dead Loads 53
2.4 Live Loads 54
6 Contents
2.5 Environmental Loads 57
2.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) and Allowable Strength Design (ASD) 63
2.7 Nominal Strengths 64
2.8 Shading 64
2.9 Computation of Loads for LRFD and ASD 64
2.10 Computing Combined Loads with LRFD Expressions 65
2.11 Computing Combined Loads with ASD Expressions 69
2.12 Two Methods of Obtaining an Acceptable Level of Safety 70
2.13 Discussion of Sizes of Load Factors and Safety Factors 71
2.14 Author’s Comment 72
2.15 Problems for Solution 72
CHAPTER 3Analysis of Tension Members 74
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Nominal Strengths of Tension Members 77
3.3 Net Areas 79
3.4 Effect of Staggered Holes 81
3.5 Effective Net Areas 86
3.6 Connecting Elements for Tension Members 96
3.7 Block Shear 97
3.8 Problems for Solution 106
CHAPTER 4Design of Tension Members 115
4.1 Selection of Sections 115
4.2 Built-Up Tension Members 123
4.3 Rods and Bars 127
4.4 Pin-Connected Members 132
4.5 Design for Fatigue Loads 134
4.6 Problems for Solution 137
CHAPTER 5Introduction to Axially Loaded Compression Members 141
5.1 General 141
5.2 Residual Stresses 144
5.3 Sections Used for Columns 145
5.4 Development of Column Formulas 149
5.5 The Euler Formula 151
5.6 End Restraint and Effective Lengths of Columns 153
5.7 Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements 156
5.8 Long, Short, and Intermediate Columns 157
5.9 Column Formulas 160
5.10 Maximum Slenderness Ratios 162
CHAPTER 6Design of Axially Loaded Compression Members 175
6.1 Introduction 175
6.2 AISC Design Tables 178
6.3 Column Splices 183
6.4 Built-Up Columns 186
6.5 Built-Up Columns with Components
in Contact with Each Other 187
6.6 Connection Requirements for Built-Up Columns Whose Components Are in Contact with Each Other 188
6.7 Built-Up Columns with Components not in Contact with Each Other 194
6.8 Single-Angle Compression Members 199
6.9 Sections Containing Slender Elements 201
6.10 Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Compression Members 203
6.11 Problems for Solution  208
CHAPTER 7Design of Axially Loaded Compression Members (Continued)
and Column Base Plates 212
7.1 Introduction 212
7.2 Further Discussion of Effective Lengths 213
7.3 Frames Meeting Alignment Chart Assumptions 217
7.4 Frames Not Meeting Alignment Chart Assumptions as to Joint Rotations 220
7.5 Stiffness-Reduction Factors 223
7.6 Columns Leaning on Each Other for In-Plane Design 227
7.7 Base Plates for Concentrically Loaded Columns 230
7.8 Problems for Solution 244
CHAPTER 8Introduction to Beams 249
8.1 Types of Beams 249
8.2 Sections Used as Beams 249
8.3 Bending Stresses 250
8.4 Plastic Hinges 251
8.5 Elastic Design 252
8.6 The Plastic Modulus 252
8.7 Theory of Plastic Analysis 255
8.8 The Collapse Mechanism 256
8.9 The Virtual-Work Method 257
5.11 Example Problems 162
5.12 Problems for Solution 170
8.10 Location of Plastic Hinge for Uniform Loadings 261
8.11 Continuous Beams 262
8.12 Building Frames 264
8.13 Problems for Solution 266
CHAPTER 9Design of Beams for Moments 275
9.1 Introduction 275
9.2 Yielding Behavior—Full Plastic Moment, Zone 1 278
9.3 Design of Beams, Zone 1 279
9.4 Lateral Support of Beams 287
9.5 Introduction to Inelastic Buckling, Zone 2 289
9.6 Moment Capacities, Zone 2 293
9.7 Elastic Buckling, Zone 3 295
9.8 Design Charts 297
9.9 Noncompact Sections 302
9.10 Problems for Solution 307
CHAPTER 10Design of Beams—Miscellaneous Topics (Shear, Deflection, etc.) 314
10.1 Design of Continuous Beams 314
10.2 Shear 316
10.3 Deflections 322
10.4 Webs and Flanges with Concentrated Loads 328
10.5 Unsymmetrical Bending 336
10.6 Design of Purlins 339
10.7 The Shear Center 342
10.8 Beam-Bearing Plates 347
10.9 Lateral Bracing at Member Ends Supported on Base Plates 351
10.10 Problems for Solution 352
CHAPTER 11Bending and Axial Force 358
11.1 Occurrence 358
11.2 Members Subject to Bending and Axial Tension 359
11.3 First-Order and Second-Order Moments for Members Subject to Axial Compression and Bending 362
11.4 Direct Analysis Method (DAM) 364
11.5 Effective Length Method (ELM) 365
11.6 Approximate Second-Order Analysis 366
11.7 Beam–Columns in Braced Frames 371
11.8 Beam–Columns in Unbraced Frames 383
11.9 Design of Beam–Columns—Braced or Unbraced 390
11.10 Problems for Solution 398
CHAPTER 12Bolted Connections 402
12.1 Introduction 402
12.2 Types of Bolts 402
12.3 History of High-Strength Bolts 403
12.4 Advantages of High-Strength Bolts 404
12.5 Snug-Tight, Pretensioned, and Slip-Critical Bolts 404
12.6 Methods for Fully Pretensioning High-Strength Bolts 408
12.7 Slip-Resistant Connections and Bearing-Type Connections 410
12.8 Mixed Joints 411
12.9 Sizes of Bolt Holes 412
12.10 Load Transfer and Types of Joints 413
12.11 Failure of Bolted Joints 416
12.12 Spacing and Edge Distances of Bolts 417
12.13 Bearing-Type Connections—Loads Passing Through Center of Gravity of Connections 420
12.14 Slip-Critical Connections—Loads Passing Through Center of Gravity of Connections 431
12.15 Problems for Solution 435
CHAPTER 13Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections and Historical Notes on Rivets 442
13.1 Bolts Subjected to Eccentric Shear 442
13.2 Bolts Subjected to Shear and Tension (Bearing-Type Connections) 456
13.3 Bolts Subjected to Shear and Tension
(Slip-Critical Connections) 459
13.4 Tension Loads on Bolted Joints 460
13.5 Prying Action 463
13.6 Historical Notes on Rivets 466
13.7 Types of Rivets 467
13.8 Strength of Riveted Connections—Rivets in Shear and Bearing 469
13.9 Problems for Solution 473
CHAPTER 14Welded Connections 481
14.1 General 481
14.2 Advantages of Welding 482
14.3 American Welding Society 483
14.4 Types of Welding 483
14.5 Prequalified Welding 487
14.6 Welding Inspection 487
14.7 Classification of Welds 490
14.8 Welding Symbols 492
14.9 Groove Welds 494
14.10 Fillet Welds 496
14.11 Strength of Welds 497
14.12 AISC Requirements 498
14.13 Design of Simple Fillet Welds 503
14.14 Design of Connections for Members with Both Longitudinal and Transverse Fillet Welds 509
14.15 Some Miscellaneous Comments 510
14.16 Design of Fillet Welds for Truss Members 511
14.17 Plug and Slot Welds 515
14.18 Shear and Torsion 518
14.19 Shear and Bending 525
14.20 Full-Penetration and Partial-Penetration Groove Welds 527
14.21 Problems for Solution 531
CHAPTER 15Building Connections 540
15.1 Selection of Type of Fastener 540
15.2 Types of Beam Connections 541
15.3 Standard Bolted Beam Connections 548
15.4 AISC Manual Standard Connection Tables 551
15.5 Designs of Standard Bolted Framed Connections 551
15.6 Designs of Standard Welded Framed Connections 554
15.7 Single-Plate, or Shear Tab, Framing Connections 556
15.8 End-Plate Shear Connections 559
15.9 Designs of Welded Seated Beam Connections 560
15.10 Designs of Stiffened Seated Beam Connections 562
15.11 Designs of Moment-Resisting FR Moment Connections 563
15.12 Column Web Stiffeners 567
15.13 Problems for Solution 570
CHAPTER 16Composite Beams 574
16.1 Composite Construction 574
16.2 Advantages of Composite Construction 575
16.3 Discussion of Shoring 577
16.4 Effective Flange Widths 578
16.5 Shear Transfer 579
16.6 Partially Composite Beams 582
16.7 Strength of Shear Connectors 582
16.8 Number, Spacing, and Cover Requirements for Shear Connectors 583
16.9 Moment Capacity of Composite Sections 585
16.10 Deflections 590
16.11 Design of Composite Sections 591
16.12 Continuous Composite Sections 600
16.13 Design of Concrete-Encased Sections 601
16.14 Problems for Solution 604
CHAPTER 17Composite Columns 608
17.1 Introduction 608
17.2 Advantages of Composite Columns 609
17.3 Disadvantages of Composite Columns 611
17.4 Lateral Bracing 611
17.5 Specifications for Composite Columns 612
17.6 Axial Design Strengths of Composite Columns 614
17.7 Shear Strength of Composite Columns 619
17.8 LRFD and ASD Tables 620
17.9 Load Transfer at Footings and Other Connections 621
17.10 Tensile Strength of Composite Columns 622
17.11 Axial Load and Bending 622
17.12 Problems for Solution 622
CHAPTER 18Cover-Plated Beams and Built-up Girders 625
18.1 Cover-Plated Beams 625
18.2 Built-up Girders 628
18.3 Built-up Girder Proportions 630
18.4 Flexural Strength 636
18.5 Tension Field Action 641
18.6 Design of Stiffeners 646
18.7 Problems for Solution 652
CHAPTER 19Design of Steel Buildings 654
19.1 Introduction to Low-Rise Buildings 654
19.2 Types of Steel Frames Used for Buildings 654
19.3 Common Types of Floor Construction 658
19.4 Concrete Slabs on Open-Web Steel Joists 659
19.5 One-Way and Two-Way Reinforced-Concrete Slabs 662
19.6 Composite Floors 663
19.7 Concrete-Pan Floors 664
19.8 Steel Floor Deck 665
19.9 Flat Slab Floors 667
19.10 Precast Concrete Floors 668
19.11 Types of Roof Construction 670
19.12 Exterior Walls and Interior Partitions 671
19.13 Fireproofing of Structural Steel 671
19.14 Introduction to High-Rise Buildings 672
19.15 Discussion of Lateral Forces 674
19.16 Types of Lateral Bracing 675
19.17 Analysis of Buildings with Diagonal Wind Bracing for Lateral Forces 681
19.18 Moment-Resisting Joints 683
19.19 Design of Buildings for Gravity Loads 684
19.20 Selection of Members 688

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Chuyên mục: C. Bài giảng C. Bài giảng chuyên ngành Kiến trúc - Xây dựng (Architecture & Building) C. Bài giảng kỹ thuật