EBOOK - Petroleum Refining in Nontechnical Language (William L. Leffler) | Cộng đồng Kỹ thuật cơ điện Việt Nam EBOOKBKMT

EBOOK - Tinh lọc và chế biến dầu khí trong ngôn ngữ phi kỹ thuật (William L. Leffler) - 280 Trang.

If you have somehow been charmed by the ads of my publisher or beguiled by the word-of-mouth ravings of a colleague about the inestimable merit of this book, you probably don’t need an introduction to this subject. It’s not likely you would have opened the cover if you didn’t already have at least an uneasy feeling, and maybe a genuine need to know, about petroleum refining. In either event, you have come to the right place.

The layout of the material in this book is designed to satisfy three needs. It can be used as a reference book because there’s a good table of contents in the front, a good index in the back, and a glossary of terms. The book has been used extensively as a text for courses on refinery processes. A combination of lectures, reading, and problem solving should be very reinforcing. Because most people do not have the luxury of listening to a lecturer like me, the layout is designed primarily for personal study. With that in mind, the dry material has been moistened with as much levity and
practicality as I could render.
For personal study the following plan might work. Chapters 1 and 2 are pleasant precursors, but chapter 3 on crude oil is the most important part of the book. For what goes on inside a refinery, chapter 4 has a lot of mechanical detail that’s not fundamentally important. Don’t let it dismay you. The materials on vacuum flashing, cat cracking, alkylation, reforming, hydrocracking, and residue reduction are all important as lead-ins to gasoline and other product blending. Struggle through chapter 6 on chemistry.

CONTENTS:

1 The Evolution of Petroleum Refining...........................1
2 From the Oil Patch to the Refinery.............................7
Oil Patch Operations .............................................7
Gas Plants ......................................................10
Transportation..................................................10
LNG............................................................11
Exercises........................................................11
3 Crude Oil Characteristics.....................................13
Crude Oil Composition ..........................................14
Distillation Curves ..............................................15
Fractions .......................................................16
Cutting Crudes..................................................18
Gravities........................................................19
Sulfur Content . . . . . 21
Review..........................................................23
Exercises........................................................24
4 Distilling....................................................25
The Simple Still .................................................25
The Distilling Column...........................................27
Reflux and Reboil ...............................................32
Cut Points ......................................................33
Setting Cut Points...............................................35
Variations.......................................................36
Desalting .......................................................38
Review..........................................................38
Exercises........................................................39
Petroleum Refining in Nontechnical Language vi
5 Vacuum Flashing............................................41
The Cracking Phenomenon ......................................41
Effects of Low Pressure...........................................45
Vacuum Flashing................................................45
Adjusting the Distillation Curve ..................................47
Review..........................................................48
Exercises........................................................48
6 The Chemistry of Petroleum..................................49
Atoms and Molecules ............................................49
Hydrocarbons...................................................50
Naphthenes.....................................................52
Olefins and Aromatics ...........................................53
Exercises........................................................56
7 Refinery Gas Plants..........................................57
Sats Gas Plant...................................................57
Cracked Gas Plant ...............................................62
Disposition .....................................................63
Storage Facilities ................................................64
Review..........................................................66
Exercises........................................................66
8 Cat Cracking................................................69
The Process .....................................................69
Reaction Section ................................................71
Catalysts........................................................72
The Regenerator.................................................73
The Fractionator ................................................75
Yields...........................................................77
Process Variables ................................................78
Review..........................................................79
Exercises........................................................80
9 Alkylation...................................................81
The Chemical Reaction ..........................................81
The Process .....................................................82
Yields...........................................................84
Process Variables ................................................85
Poly Plants......................................................86
Review..........................................................87
Exercises........................................................88
10 Cat Reforming...............................................89
The History .....................................................89
The Chemical Reactions..........................................91
Contentsvii
The Hardware...................................................93
Semiregenerative Reformers ......................................94
Regeneration....................................................95
Continuous Cat Reforming.......................................96
Process Variables ................................................98
Review.........................................................100
Exercises.......................................................100
11 Hydrocracking..............................................101
The Process ....................................................101
The Hardware and the Reactions.................................102
Review.........................................................106
Exercises.......................................................106
12 Isomerization...............................................107
Butane Isomerization...........................................107
C5/C6
Isomerization ............................................109
Review.........................................................110
Exercises.......................................................111
13 Residue Reduction..........................................113
Thermal Cracking and Visbreaking...............................114
Coking ........................................................116
Cat Cracking and Hydrocracking ................................120
The Conundrum ...............................................121
Review.........................................................122
Exercises.......................................................123
14 Gasoline...................................................125
Gasoline Engines ...............................................126
Vapor Pressure .................................................128
Octane Number ................................................131
Leaded Gasoline................................................136
Petrochemical Blending Components ............................138
Combating Smog and Ozone....................................142
TOX, NOx, VOCs, and SO
Gasoline Blending: Impact on Operations ........................144
Review.........................................................145
Exercises.......................................................146
15 Distillate and Residual Fuels.................................147
Kerosene and Jet Fuel ...........................................147
Heating Oil ....................................................148
Automotive Diesel Fuel .........................................151
Residual Fuels..................................................153
Petroleum Refining in Nontechnical Language viii
Review.........................................................155
Exercises.......................................................155
16 Hydrogen, Hydrotreating, and Sulfur Plants...................157
Hydrotreating..................................................157
Hydrogen Sources ..............................................161
Sulfur Facilities ................................................163
Review.........................................................165
Exercises.......................................................166
17 Asphalt....................................................167
Composition...................................................167
Asphaltic Crude Oils............................................168
Asphalt Products ...............................................169
Review.........................................................173
Exercises.......................................................173
18 Lubricants.................................................175
Properties and Specifications....................................176
Refinery Operations ............................................179
Synthetic Lubes ................................................184
Grease.........................................................184
Waxes .........................................................185
Review.........................................................185
Exercises.......................................................186
19 Ethylene Plants.............................................187
The Process ....................................................188
Refinery Interactions ...........................................190
Products.......................................................191
Review.........................................................192
Exercises.......................................................192
20 Simple and Complex Refineries..............................193
Measuring Profitability .........................................193
Tracking Profitability...........................................199
Same Refinery—Different Modes.................................202
What Sets Prices................................................203
Review.........................................................204
Exercises.......................................................205
21 Solvent Recovery of Aromatics...............................207
Applications ...................................................207
Processes.......................................................208
Benzene and Aromatics Recovery ................................210
Review.........................................................211
Exercises.......................................................211
Contentsix
22 Fuel Values—Heating Values.................................213
Thermal Content...............................................213
Competitive Fuel Value Nomogram ..............................215
Exercises.......................................................216
23 Answers to the Exercises .....................................217
Glossary...................................................235
Index......................................................249

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