EBOOK - Process Heat Transfer Principles and Applications (R. W. Serth)


EBOOK - Các ứng dụng và nguyên lý quá trình truyền nhiệt (R. W. Serth) - 770 Trang.

This book is based on a course in process heat transfer that I have taught for many years. The course has been taken by seniors and first-year graduate students who have completed an introductory course in engineering heat transfer. Although this background is assumed, nearly all students need some review before proceeding to more advanced material. For this reason, and also to make the book self-contained, the first three chapters provide a review of essential material normally covered
in an introductory heat transfer course.

Furthermore, the book is intended for use by practicing engineers as well as university students, and it has been written with the aim of facilitating self-study. Unlike some books in this field, no attempt is made herein to cover the entire panoply of heat transfer equipment. Instead, the book focuses on the types of equipment most widely used in the chemical process industries, namely, shell-and-tube heat exchangers (including condensers and reboilers), air-cooled heat exchangers and double-pipe (hairpin) heat exchangers. Within the confines of a single volume, this approach allows an in-depth treatment of the material that is most relevant from an industrial perspective, and provides students with the detailed knowledge needed for engineering practice.

CONTENTS:

1 Heat Conduction 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction 2
1.3 The Heat Conduction Equation 6
1.4 Thermal Resistance 15
1.5 The Conduction Shape Factor 19
1.6 Unsteady-State Conduction 24
1.7 Mechanisms of Heat Conduction 31
2 Convective Heat Transfer 43
2.1 Introduction 44
2.2 Combined Conduction and Convection 44
2.3 Extended Surfaces 47
2.4 Forced Convection in Pipes and Ducts 53
2.5 Forced Convection in External Flow 62
2.6 Free Convection 65
3 Heat Exchangers 85
3.1 Introduction 86
3.2 Double-Pipe Equipment 86
3.3 Shell-and-Tube Equipment 87
3.4 The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient 93
3.5 The LMTD Correction Factor 98
3.6 Analysis of Double-Pipe Exchangers 102
3.7 Preliminary Design of Shell-and-Tube Exchangers 106
3.8 Rating a Shell-and-Tube Exchanger 109
3.9 Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness 114
4 Design of Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers 127
4.1 Introduction 128
4.2 Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Exchangers without Fins 128
4.3 Hydraulic Calculations for Exchangers without Fins 128
4.4 Series/Parallel Configurations of Hairpins 131
4.5 Multi-tube Exchangers 132
4.6 Over-Surface and Over-Design 133
4.7 Finned-Pipe Exchangers 141
4.8 Heat-Transfer Coefficients and Friction Factors for Finned Annuli 143
4.9 Wall Temperature for Finned Pipes 145
4.10 Computer Software 152
vi CONTENTS
5 Design of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 187
5.1 Introduction 188
5.2 Heat-Transfer Coefficients 188
5.3 Hydraulic Calculations 189
5.4 Finned Tubing 192
5.5 Tube-Count Tables 194
5.6 Factors Affecting Pressure Drop 195
5.7 Design Guidelines 197
5.8 Design Strategy 201
5.9 Computer software 218
6 The Delaware Method 245
6.1 Introduction 246
6.2 Ideal Tube Bank Correlations 246
6.3 Shell-Side Heat-Transfer Coefficient 248
6.4 Shell-Side Pressure Drop 250
6.5 The Flow Areas 254
6.6 Correlations for the Correction Factors 259
6.7 Estimation of Clearances 260
7 The Stream Analysis Method 277
7.1 Introduction 278
7.2 The Equivalent Hydraulic Network 278
7.3 The Hydraulic Equations 279
7.4 Shell-Side Pressure Drop 281
7.5 Shell-Side Heat-Transfer Coefficient 281
7.6 Temperature Profile Distortion 282
7.7 The Wills–Johnston Method 284
7.8 Computer Software 295
8 Heat-Exchanger Networks 327
8.1 Introduction 328
8.2 An Example: TC3 328
8.3 Design Targets 329
8.4 The Problem Table 329
8.5 Composite Curves 331
8.6 The Grand Composite Curve 334
8.7 Significance of the Pinch 335
8.8 Threshold Problems and Utility Pinches 337
8.9 Feasibility Criteria at the Pinch 337
8.10 Design Strategy 339
8.11 Minimum-Utility Design for TC3 340
8.12 Network Simplification 344
8.13 Number of Shells 347
8.14 Targeting for Number of Shells 348
8.15 Area Targets 353
8.16 The Driving Force Plot 356
8.17 Super Targeting 358
8.18 Targeting by Linear Programming 359
8.19 Computer Software 361
CONTENTS vii
9 Boiling Heat Transfer 385
9.1 Introduction 386
9.2 Pool Boiling 386
9.3 Correlations for Nucleate Boiling on Horizontal Tubes 387
9.4 Two-Phase Flow 402
9.5 Convective Boiling in Tubes 416
9.6 Film Boiling 428
10 Reboilers 443
10.1 Introduction 444
10.2 Types of Reboilers 444
10.3 Design of Kettle Reboilers 449
10.4 Design of Horizontal Thermosyphon Reboilers 467
10.5 Design of Vertical Thermosyphon Reboilers 473
10.6 Computer Software 488
11 Condensers 539
11.1 Introduction 540
11.2 Types of Condensers 540
11.3 Condensation on a Vertical Surface: Nusselt Theory 545
11.4 Condensation on Horizontal Tubes 549
11.5 Modifications of Nusselt Theory 552
11.6 Condensation Inside Horizontal Tubes 562
11.7 Condensation on Finned Tubes 568
11.8 Pressure Drop 569
11.9 Mean Temperature Difference 571
11.10 Multi-component Condensation 590
11.11 Computer Software 595
12 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 629
12.1 Introduction 630
12.2 Equipment Description 630
12.3 Air-Side Heat-Transfer Coefficient 637
12.4 Air-Side Pressure Drop 638
12.5 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient 640
12.6 Fan and Motor Sizing 640
12.7 Mean Temperature Difference 643
12.8 Design Guidelines 643
12.9 Design Strategy 644
12.10 Computer Software 653
Appendix 681
Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Materials 682
Appendix B Dimensions of Pipe and Tubing 717
Appendix C Tube-Count Tables 729
Appendix D Equivalent Lengths of Pipe Fittings 737
Appendix E Properties of Petroleum Streams 740

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EBOOK - Các ứng dụng và nguyên lý quá trình truyền nhiệt (R. W. Serth) - 770 Trang.

This book is based on a course in process heat transfer that I have taught for many years. The course has been taken by seniors and first-year graduate students who have completed an introductory course in engineering heat transfer. Although this background is assumed, nearly all students need some review before proceeding to more advanced material. For this reason, and also to make the book self-contained, the first three chapters provide a review of essential material normally covered
in an introductory heat transfer course.

Furthermore, the book is intended for use by practicing engineers as well as university students, and it has been written with the aim of facilitating self-study. Unlike some books in this field, no attempt is made herein to cover the entire panoply of heat transfer equipment. Instead, the book focuses on the types of equipment most widely used in the chemical process industries, namely, shell-and-tube heat exchangers (including condensers and reboilers), air-cooled heat exchangers and double-pipe (hairpin) heat exchangers. Within the confines of a single volume, this approach allows an in-depth treatment of the material that is most relevant from an industrial perspective, and provides students with the detailed knowledge needed for engineering practice.

CONTENTS:

1 Heat Conduction 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction 2
1.3 The Heat Conduction Equation 6
1.4 Thermal Resistance 15
1.5 The Conduction Shape Factor 19
1.6 Unsteady-State Conduction 24
1.7 Mechanisms of Heat Conduction 31
2 Convective Heat Transfer 43
2.1 Introduction 44
2.2 Combined Conduction and Convection 44
2.3 Extended Surfaces 47
2.4 Forced Convection in Pipes and Ducts 53
2.5 Forced Convection in External Flow 62
2.6 Free Convection 65
3 Heat Exchangers 85
3.1 Introduction 86
3.2 Double-Pipe Equipment 86
3.3 Shell-and-Tube Equipment 87
3.4 The Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient 93
3.5 The LMTD Correction Factor 98
3.6 Analysis of Double-Pipe Exchangers 102
3.7 Preliminary Design of Shell-and-Tube Exchangers 106
3.8 Rating a Shell-and-Tube Exchanger 109
3.9 Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness 114
4 Design of Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers 127
4.1 Introduction 128
4.2 Heat-Transfer Coefficients for Exchangers without Fins 128
4.3 Hydraulic Calculations for Exchangers without Fins 128
4.4 Series/Parallel Configurations of Hairpins 131
4.5 Multi-tube Exchangers 132
4.6 Over-Surface and Over-Design 133
4.7 Finned-Pipe Exchangers 141
4.8 Heat-Transfer Coefficients and Friction Factors for Finned Annuli 143
4.9 Wall Temperature for Finned Pipes 145
4.10 Computer Software 152
vi CONTENTS
5 Design of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 187
5.1 Introduction 188
5.2 Heat-Transfer Coefficients 188
5.3 Hydraulic Calculations 189
5.4 Finned Tubing 192
5.5 Tube-Count Tables 194
5.6 Factors Affecting Pressure Drop 195
5.7 Design Guidelines 197
5.8 Design Strategy 201
5.9 Computer software 218
6 The Delaware Method 245
6.1 Introduction 246
6.2 Ideal Tube Bank Correlations 246
6.3 Shell-Side Heat-Transfer Coefficient 248
6.4 Shell-Side Pressure Drop 250
6.5 The Flow Areas 254
6.6 Correlations for the Correction Factors 259
6.7 Estimation of Clearances 260
7 The Stream Analysis Method 277
7.1 Introduction 278
7.2 The Equivalent Hydraulic Network 278
7.3 The Hydraulic Equations 279
7.4 Shell-Side Pressure Drop 281
7.5 Shell-Side Heat-Transfer Coefficient 281
7.6 Temperature Profile Distortion 282
7.7 The Wills–Johnston Method 284
7.8 Computer Software 295
8 Heat-Exchanger Networks 327
8.1 Introduction 328
8.2 An Example: TC3 328
8.3 Design Targets 329
8.4 The Problem Table 329
8.5 Composite Curves 331
8.6 The Grand Composite Curve 334
8.7 Significance of the Pinch 335
8.8 Threshold Problems and Utility Pinches 337
8.9 Feasibility Criteria at the Pinch 337
8.10 Design Strategy 339
8.11 Minimum-Utility Design for TC3 340
8.12 Network Simplification 344
8.13 Number of Shells 347
8.14 Targeting for Number of Shells 348
8.15 Area Targets 353
8.16 The Driving Force Plot 356
8.17 Super Targeting 358
8.18 Targeting by Linear Programming 359
8.19 Computer Software 361
CONTENTS vii
9 Boiling Heat Transfer 385
9.1 Introduction 386
9.2 Pool Boiling 386
9.3 Correlations for Nucleate Boiling on Horizontal Tubes 387
9.4 Two-Phase Flow 402
9.5 Convective Boiling in Tubes 416
9.6 Film Boiling 428
10 Reboilers 443
10.1 Introduction 444
10.2 Types of Reboilers 444
10.3 Design of Kettle Reboilers 449
10.4 Design of Horizontal Thermosyphon Reboilers 467
10.5 Design of Vertical Thermosyphon Reboilers 473
10.6 Computer Software 488
11 Condensers 539
11.1 Introduction 540
11.2 Types of Condensers 540
11.3 Condensation on a Vertical Surface: Nusselt Theory 545
11.4 Condensation on Horizontal Tubes 549
11.5 Modifications of Nusselt Theory 552
11.6 Condensation Inside Horizontal Tubes 562
11.7 Condensation on Finned Tubes 568
11.8 Pressure Drop 569
11.9 Mean Temperature Difference 571
11.10 Multi-component Condensation 590
11.11 Computer Software 595
12 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 629
12.1 Introduction 630
12.2 Equipment Description 630
12.3 Air-Side Heat-Transfer Coefficient 637
12.4 Air-Side Pressure Drop 638
12.5 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient 640
12.6 Fan and Motor Sizing 640
12.7 Mean Temperature Difference 643
12.8 Design Guidelines 643
12.9 Design Strategy 644
12.10 Computer Software 653
Appendix 681
Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Materials 682
Appendix B Dimensions of Pipe and Tubing 717
Appendix C Tube-Count Tables 729
Appendix D Equivalent Lengths of Pipe Fittings 737
Appendix E Properties of Petroleum Streams 740

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