EBOOK - Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics - 9th Ed & 10th Ed (Serway, Jewett)
24 thg 9, 2023 | 00:26

EBOOK - Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics - 9th Ed & 10th Ed (Serway, Jewett)

 


Achieve success in your physics course by making the most of what PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS has to offer. From a host of in-text features to a range of outstanding technology resources, you'll have everything you need to understand the natural forces and principles of physics. Throughout every chapter, the authors have built in a wide range of examples, exercises, and illustrations that will help you understand the laws of physics AND succeed in your course!



CONTENTS:


P a RT   1

Mechanics  1

1  Physics and Measurement  2

2  Motion in One Dimension  20

3  Vectors  52

4  Motion in Two Dimensions  68

5  The Laws of Motion  95

6  Circular Motion and Other applications 

of Newton’s Laws  127

7  Energy of a System  150

8  Conservation of Energy  181

9  Linear Momentum and Collisions  210

10  Rotation of a Rigid Object about  

a Fixed axis  249

11  angular Momentum  285

12  Static Equilibrium and Elasticity  310

13  Universal Gravitation  332

14  Fluid Mechanics  358

P a RT   2

oscillations and 

Mechanical Waves  385

15  Oscillatory Motion  386

16  Wave Motion  415

17  Superposition and Standing Waves  451

P a RT   3

thermodynamics  481

18  Temperature  482

19  The First Law of Thermodynamics  501

20  The Kinetic Theory of Gases  533

21  Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law 

of Thermodynamics  556

P a RT   4

Electricity and 

Magnetism  587

22  Electric Fields  588

23  Continuous Charge Distributions  

and Gauss’s Law  615

24  Electric Potential  636

25  Capacitance and Dielectrics  663

26  Current and Resistance  691

27  Direct-Current Circuits  713

28  Magnetic Fields  742

29  Sources of the Magnetic Field  771

30  Faraday’s Law  797

31  Inductance  824

32  alternating-Current Circuits  847

33  Electromagnetic Waves  873

P a RT   5

Light and optics  897

34  The Nature of Light and the Principles  

of Ray Optics  898

35  Image Formation  925

36  Wave Optics  962

37  Diffraction Patterns and Polarization  983

P a RT   6

Modern Physics  1011

38  Relativity  1012

39  Introduction to Quantum Physics  1048

40  Quantum Mechanics  1079

41  atomic Physics  1105

42  Molecules and Solids  1144

43  Nuclear Physics  1177

44  Particle Physics and Cosmology  1225

Brief contents

iv Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

contents

About the Authors  x

Preface  xi

To the Student  xxvi

Pa RT   1

Mechanics  1

1  Physics and Measurement  2

1.1  Standards of Length, Mass, and Time  3

1.2  Modeling and Alternative Representations  6

1.3  Dimensional Analysis  10

1.4  Conversion of Units  12

1.5  Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude 

Calculations  12

1.6  Significant Figures  13

2  Motion in one dimension  20

2 .1  Position, Velocity, and Speed  

of a Particle  21

2.2  Instantaneous Velocity and Speed  24

2.3  Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant 

Velocity  27

2.4  The Analysis Model Approach to Problem 

Solving  30

2.5  Acceleration  32

2.6  Motion Diagrams  36

2.7  Analysis Model: Particle  

Under Constant Acceleration  37

2.8  Freely Falling Objects  41

2.9  Kinematic Equations Derived from  

Calculus  44

3  Vectors  52

3.1  Coordinate Systems  53

3.2  Vector and Scalar Quantities  54

3.3  Basic Vector Arithmetic  55

3.4  Components of a Vector and Unit  

Vectors  58

4  Motion in two dimensions  68

4.1  The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration 

Vectors  69

4.2  Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant 

Acceleration  71

4.3  Projectile Motion  74

4.4  Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular 

Motion  81

4.5  Tangential and Radial Acceleration  84

4.6  Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration  85

5  the Laws of Motion  95

5.1  The Concept of Force  96

5.2  Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames  97

5.3  Mass  99

5.4  Newton’s Second Law  99

5.5  The Gravitational Force and Weight  102

5.6  Newton’s Third Law  103

5.7  Analysis Models Using Newton’s  

Second Law  105

5.8  Forces of Friction  114

6  Circular Motion and other Applications  

of newton’s Laws  127

6.1  Extending the Particle in Uniform  

Circular Motion Model  128

6.2  Nonuniform Circular Motion  133

6.3  Motion in Accelerated Frames  135

6.4  Motion in the Presence of Resistive  

Forces  138

7  Energy of a System  150

7.1  Systems and Environments  151

7. 2  Work Done by a Constant Force  151

7. 3  The Scalar Product of Two Vectors  154

7.4  Work Done by a Varying Force  156

7.5  Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic  

Energy Theorem  161

7.6  Potential Energy of a System  165

7.7  Conservative and Nonconservative Forces  169

7.8  Relationship Between Conservative Forces and 

Potential Energy  171

7.9  Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a 

System  173

8  Conservation of Energy  181

8 .1  Analysis Model: Nonisolated System 

(Energy)  182

8.2  Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)  185

8.3  Situations Involving Kinetic Friction  191

8.4  Changes in Mechanical Energy  

for Nonconservative Forces  196

8.5  Power  200

9  Linear Momentum and Collisions  210

9.1  Linear Momentum  211

9.2  Analysis Model: Isolated System 

(Momentum)  213

9.3  Analysis Model: Nonisolated System 

(Momentum)  215

9.4  Collisions in One Dimension  219

9.5  Collisions in Two Dimensions  227

vCopyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Pa RT   2

oscillations and 

Mechanical Waves  385

15  oscillatory Motion  386

15.1  Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring  387

15.2  Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic 

Motion  388

15.3  Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator  394

15.4  Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with 

Uniform Circular Motion  398

15.5  The Pendulum  400

15.6  Damped Oscillations  404

15.7  Forced Oscillations  405

16  Wave Motion  415

16.1  Propagation of a Disturbance  416

16.2  Analysis Model: Traveling Wave   419

16.3  The Speed of Waves on Strings  423

16.4  Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal 

Waves on Strings  426

16.5  The Linear Wave Equation  428

16.6  Sound Waves  429

16.7  Speed of Sound Waves  431

16.8  Intensity of Sound Waves  433

16.9  The Doppler Effect  438

17  Superposition and Standing Waves  451

17.1  Analysis Model: Waves in Interference  452

17. 2  Standing Waves  456

17. 3  Boundary Effects: Reflection and 

Transmission  459

17.4  Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary 

Conditions  461

17.5  Resonance  465

17.6  Standing Waves in Air Columns  466

17.7  Beats: Interference in Time  469

17.8  Nonsinusoidal Waveforms  472

P a RT   3

thermodynamics  481

18  temperature  482

18 .1  Temperature and the Zeroth Law  

of Thermodynamics  483

18.2  Thermometers and the Celsius  

Temperature Scale  484

18.3  The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer  

and the Absolute Temperature Scale  485

18.4  Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids  488

18.5  Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas  492

9.6  The Center of Mass  230

9.7  Systems of Many Particles  234

9.8  Deformable Systems  237

9.9  Rocket Propulsion  239

10  Rotation of a Rigid object About  

a Fixed Axis  249

10.1  Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration  250

10.2  Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant 

Angular Acceleration  252

10.3  Angular and Translational Quantities  254

10.4  Torque  257

10.5  Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net 

Torque  259

10.6  Calculation of Moments of Inertia  263

10.7  Rotational Kinetic Energy  267

10.8  Energy Considerations in Rotational  

Motion  269

10.9  Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object  272

11  Angular Momentum  285

11.1  The Vector Product and Torque  286

11. 2  Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular 

Momentum)  288

11.3  Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid 

Object  293

11.4  Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular 

Momentum)  295

11.5  The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops  301

12  Static Equilibrium and Elasticity  310

12 .1  Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium  311

12.2  More on the Center of Gravity  312

12.3  Examples of Rigid Objects in Static 

Equilibrium  313

12.4  Elastic Properties of Solids  319

13  Universal Gravitation  332

13.1  Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation  333

13.2  Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational 

Force  335

13.3  Analysis Model: Particle in a Field 

(Gravitational)  336

13.4  Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets  339

13.5  Gravitational Potential Energy  345

13.6  Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite 

Motion  347

14  Fluid Mechanics  358

14.1  Pressure  359

14.2  Variation of Pressure with Depth  360

14.3  Pressure Measurements  364

14.4  Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle  365

14.5  Fluid Dynamics  368

14.6  Bernoulli’s Equation  371

14.7  Flow of Viscous Fluids in Pipes  375

14.8  Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics  377

vi  Contents

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

24.3  Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to 

Point Charges  642

24.4  Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field  

from the Electric Potential  645

24.5  Electric Potential Due to Continuous  

Charge Distributions  646

24.6  Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium  651

25 Capacitance and dielectrics  663

2 5.1  Definition of Capacitance  664

25.2  Calculating Capacitance  665

25.3  Combinations of Capacitors  668

25.4  Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor  672

25.5  Capacitors with Dielectrics  676

25.6  Electric Dipole in an Electric Field  678

25.7  An Atomic Description of Dielectrics  681

26 Current and Resistance  691

26.1  Electric Current  692

26.2  Resistance  694

26.3  A Model for Electrical Conduction  699

26.4  Resistance and Temperature  701

26.5  Superconductors  702

26.6  Electrical Power  703

27 direct-Current Circuits  713

27.1  Electromotive Force  714

27. 2  Resistors in Series and Parallel  716

27. 3  Kirchhoff’s Rules  723

27.4  RC Circuits  726

27.5  Household Wiring and Electrical Safety  732

28 Magnetic Fields  742

28 .1  Analysis Model: Particle in a Field 

(Magnetic)  743

28.2  Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform 

Magnetic Field  748

28.3  Applications Involving Charged Particles  

Moving in a Magnetic Field  752

28.4  Magnetic Force Acting on a Current- 

Carrying Conductor  755

28.5  Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform  

Magnetic Field  757

28.6  The Hall Effect  761

29 Sources of the Magnetic Field  771

2 9.1  The Biot–Savart Law  772

29.2  The Magnetic Force Between Two  

Parallel Conductors  777

29.3  Ampère’s Law  779

29.4  The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid  782

29.5  Gauss’s Law in Magnetism  784

29.6  Magnetism in Matter  786

30 Faraday’s Law  797

30.1  Faraday’s Law of Induction  798

30.2  Motional emf  801

30.3  Lenz’s Law  805

19  the First Law of thermodynamics  501

19.1  Heat and Internal Energy  502

19.2  Specific Heat and Calorimetry  505

19.3  Latent Heat  509

19.4  Work in Thermodynamic Processes  513

19.5  The First Law of Thermodynamics  514

19.6  Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal 

Processes  518

20 the Kinetic theory of Gases  533

20.1  Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas  534

20.2  Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas  539

20.3  The Equipartition of Energy  542

20.4  Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas  545

20.5  Distribution of Molecular Speeds  547

21  Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law 

of thermodynamics  556

21.1  Heat Engines and the Second Law  

of Thermodynamics  557

21.2  Heat Pumps and Refrigerators  559

21.3  Reversible and Irreversible Processes  562

21.4  The Carnot Engine  563

21.5  Gasoline and Diesel Engines  567

21.6  Entropy  570

21.7  Entropy in Thermodynamic Systems  572

21.8  Entropy and the Second Law  578

Pa RT   4

Electricity and 

Magnetism  587

22 Electric Fields  588

2 2 .1  Properties of Electric Charges  589

22.2  Charging Objects by Induction  591

22.3  Coulomb’s Law  593

22.4  Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Electric)  598

22.5  Electric Field Lines  603

22.6  Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform  

Electric Field  605

23 Continuous Charge distributions  

and Gauss’s Law  615

2 3.1  Electric Field of a Continuous Charge 

Distribution  616

23.2  Electric Flux  620

23.3  Gauss’s Law  623

23.4  Application of Gauss’s Law to Various  

Charge Distributions  625

24 Electric Potential  636

24.1  Electric Potential and Potential Difference  637

24.2  Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric 

Field  639

  Contents  vii

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

36 Wave optics  962

3 6.1  Young’s Double-Slit Experiment  963

36.2  Analysis Model: Waves in Interference  965

36.3  Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit 

Interference Pattern  968

36.4  Change of Phase Due to Reflection  969

36.5  Interference in Thin Films  970

36.6  The Michelson Interferometer  973

37 diffraction Patterns and Polarization  983

37.1  Introduction to Diffraction Patterns  984

37. 2  Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits  985

37. 3  Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular 

Apertures  988

37.4  The Diffraction Grating  992

37.5  Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals  996

37.6  Polarization of Light Waves  998

Pa RT   6

Modern Physics  1011

38 Relativity  1012

3 8 .1  The Principle of Galilean Relativity  1013

38.2  The Michelson–Morley Experiment  1016

38.3  Einstein’s Principle of Relativity  1018

38.4  Consequences of the Special Theory  

of Relativity  1019

38.5  The Lorentz Transformation Equations  1030

38.6  The Lorentz Velocity Transformation 

Equations  1031

38.7  Relativistic Linear Momentum  1034

38.8  Relativistic Energy  1035

38.9  The General Theory of Relativity  1039

39 introduction to Quantum Physics  1048

3 9.1  Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s 

Hypothesis  1049

39.2  The Photoelectric Effect  1055

39.3  The Compton Effect  1061

39.4  The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves  1063

39.5  The Wave Properties of Particles  1064

39.6  A New Model: The Quantum Particle  1067

39.7  The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited  1070

39.8  The Uncertainty Principle  1071

40 Quantum Mechanics  1079

4 0.1  The Wave Function  1079

40.2  Analysis Model: Quantum Particle Under 

Boundary Conditions   1084

40.3  The Schrödinger Equation  1089

40.4  A Particle in a Well of Finite Height   1091

40.5  Tunneling Through a Potential Energy 

Barrier  1093

40.6  Applications of Tunneling  1095

40.7  The Simple Harmonic Oscillator  1096

30.4  The General Form of Faraday’s Law  808

30.5  Generators and Motors  810

30.6  Eddy Currents  814

31  inductance  824

31.1  Self-Induction and Inductance  825

31.2  RL Circuits  827

31.3  Energy in a Magnetic Field  830

31.4  Mutual Inductance  832

31.5  Oscillations in an LC Circuit  834

31.6  The RLC Circuit  837

32 Alternating-Current Circuits  847

3 2 .1  AC Sources  848

32.2  Resistors in an AC Circuit  848

32.3  Inductors in an AC Circuit  851

32.4  Capacitors in an AC Circuit  854

32.5  The RLC Series Circuit  856

32.6  Power in an AC Circuit  859

32.7  Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit  861

32.8  The Transformer and Power Transmission  863

33 Electromagnetic Waves  873

3 3.1  Displacement Current and the General  

Form of Ampère’s Law  874

33.2  Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s 

Discoveries  876

33.3  Plane Electromagnetic Waves  878

33.4  Energy Carried by Electromagnetic  

Waves  882

33.5  Momentum and Radiation Pressure  884

33.6  Production of Electromagnetic Waves  

by an Antenna  886

33.7  The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves  887

Pa RT   5

Light and optics  897

34 the nature of Light and the Principles  

of Ray optics  898

3 4.1  The Nature of Light  899

34.2  The Ray Approximation in Ray Optics  901

34.3  Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection  902

34.4  Analysis Model: Wave Under Refraction  905

34.5  Huygens’s Principle  911

34.6  Dispersion  912

34.7  Total Internal Reflection  914

35 image Formation  925

3 5.1  Images Formed by Flat Mirrors  926

35.2  Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors  928

35.3  Images Formed by Refraction  935

35.4  Images Formed by Thin Lenses  939

35.5  Lens Aberrations  947

35.6  Optical Instruments  947

viii  Contents

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

44.2  Positrons and Other Antiparticles  1227

44.3  Mesons and the Beginning of Particle 

Physics  1229

44.4  Classification of Particles  1231

44.5  Conservation Laws  1233

44.6  Strange Particles and Strangeness  1236

44.7  Finding Patterns in the Particles  1238

44.8  Quarks  1240

44.9  Multicolored Quarks  1242

4 4.10  The Standard Model  1244

4 4.11  The Cosmic Connection  1246

4 4.12  Problems and Perspectives  1251

Appendices

A  tables  A-1

Table A.1  Conversion Factors  A-1

Table A.2   Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical 

Quantities  A-2

B  Mathematics Review  A-4

B.1  Scientific Notation  A-4

B.2  Algebra  A-5

B.3   Geometry  A-10

B.4  Trigonometry  A-11

B.5  Series Expansions  A-13

B.6  Differential Calculus  A-13

B.7  Integral Calculus  A-16

B.8  Propagation of Uncertainty  A-20

C  Periodic table of the Elements  A-22

D  Si Units  A-24

D.1  SI Units  A-24

D.2  Some Derived SI Units  A-24

Answers to Quick Quizzes and odd-numbered 

Problems  A-25

index i-1

41  Atomic Physics  1105

41.1  Atomic Spectra of Gases  1106

41.2  Early Models of the Atom  1107

41.3  Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom  1109

41.4  The Quantum Model of the Hydrogen 

Atom  1114

41.5  The Wave Functions for Hydrogen  1117

41.6  Physical Interpretation of the Quantum 

Numb er s  1120

41.7  The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic 

Table  1126

41.8  More on Atomic Spectra: Visible and X-Ray  1130

41.9  Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions  1133

41.10  L aser s  113 5

42 Molecules and Solids  1144

4 2 .1  Molecular Bonds  1145

42.2  Energy States and Spectra of Molecules  1148

42.3  Bonding in Solids  1156

42.4  Free-Electron Theory of Metals  1158

42.5  Band Theory of Solids  1160

42.6  Electrical Conduction in Metals, Insulators,  

and Semiconductors  1162

42.7  Semiconductor Devices  1165

43 nuclear Physics  1177

4 3.1  Some Properties of Nuclei  1178

43.2  Nuclear Binding Energy  1182

43.3  Nuclear Models  1184

43.4  Radioactivity  1187

43.5  The Decay Processes  1190

43.6  Natural Radioactivity  1200

43.7  Nuclear Reactions  1200

43.8  Nuclear Fission  1202

43.9  Nuclear Reactors  1204

4 3.10  Nuclear Fusion  1207

4 3.11  Biological Radiation Damage  1211

4 3.12  Uses of Radiation from the Nucleus  1213

4 3.13  Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic 

Resonance Imaging  1215

44 Particle Physics and Cosmology  1225

4 4.1  Field Particles for the Fundamental  

Forces in Nature  122




 


Achieve success in your physics course by making the most of what PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS has to offer. From a host of in-text features to a range of outstanding technology resources, you'll have everything you need to understand the natural forces and principles of physics. Throughout every chapter, the authors have built in a wide range of examples, exercises, and illustrations that will help you understand the laws of physics AND succeed in your course!



CONTENTS:


P a RT   1

Mechanics  1

1  Physics and Measurement  2

2  Motion in One Dimension  20

3  Vectors  52

4  Motion in Two Dimensions  68

5  The Laws of Motion  95

6  Circular Motion and Other applications 

of Newton’s Laws  127

7  Energy of a System  150

8  Conservation of Energy  181

9  Linear Momentum and Collisions  210

10  Rotation of a Rigid Object about  

a Fixed axis  249

11  angular Momentum  285

12  Static Equilibrium and Elasticity  310

13  Universal Gravitation  332

14  Fluid Mechanics  358

P a RT   2

oscillations and 

Mechanical Waves  385

15  Oscillatory Motion  386

16  Wave Motion  415

17  Superposition and Standing Waves  451

P a RT   3

thermodynamics  481

18  Temperature  482

19  The First Law of Thermodynamics  501

20  The Kinetic Theory of Gases  533

21  Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law 

of Thermodynamics  556

P a RT   4

Electricity and 

Magnetism  587

22  Electric Fields  588

23  Continuous Charge Distributions  

and Gauss’s Law  615

24  Electric Potential  636

25  Capacitance and Dielectrics  663

26  Current and Resistance  691

27  Direct-Current Circuits  713

28  Magnetic Fields  742

29  Sources of the Magnetic Field  771

30  Faraday’s Law  797

31  Inductance  824

32  alternating-Current Circuits  847

33  Electromagnetic Waves  873

P a RT   5

Light and optics  897

34  The Nature of Light and the Principles  

of Ray Optics  898

35  Image Formation  925

36  Wave Optics  962

37  Diffraction Patterns and Polarization  983

P a RT   6

Modern Physics  1011

38  Relativity  1012

39  Introduction to Quantum Physics  1048

40  Quantum Mechanics  1079

41  atomic Physics  1105

42  Molecules and Solids  1144

43  Nuclear Physics  1177

44  Particle Physics and Cosmology  1225

Brief contents

iv Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

contents

About the Authors  x

Preface  xi

To the Student  xxvi

Pa RT   1

Mechanics  1

1  Physics and Measurement  2

1.1  Standards of Length, Mass, and Time  3

1.2  Modeling and Alternative Representations  6

1.3  Dimensional Analysis  10

1.4  Conversion of Units  12

1.5  Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude 

Calculations  12

1.6  Significant Figures  13

2  Motion in one dimension  20

2 .1  Position, Velocity, and Speed  

of a Particle  21

2.2  Instantaneous Velocity and Speed  24

2.3  Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant 

Velocity  27

2.4  The Analysis Model Approach to Problem 

Solving  30

2.5  Acceleration  32

2.6  Motion Diagrams  36

2.7  Analysis Model: Particle  

Under Constant Acceleration  37

2.8  Freely Falling Objects  41

2.9  Kinematic Equations Derived from  

Calculus  44

3  Vectors  52

3.1  Coordinate Systems  53

3.2  Vector and Scalar Quantities  54

3.3  Basic Vector Arithmetic  55

3.4  Components of a Vector and Unit  

Vectors  58

4  Motion in two dimensions  68

4.1  The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration 

Vectors  69

4.2  Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant 

Acceleration  71

4.3  Projectile Motion  74

4.4  Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular 

Motion  81

4.5  Tangential and Radial Acceleration  84

4.6  Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration  85

5  the Laws of Motion  95

5.1  The Concept of Force  96

5.2  Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames  97

5.3  Mass  99

5.4  Newton’s Second Law  99

5.5  The Gravitational Force and Weight  102

5.6  Newton’s Third Law  103

5.7  Analysis Models Using Newton’s  

Second Law  105

5.8  Forces of Friction  114

6  Circular Motion and other Applications  

of newton’s Laws  127

6.1  Extending the Particle in Uniform  

Circular Motion Model  128

6.2  Nonuniform Circular Motion  133

6.3  Motion in Accelerated Frames  135

6.4  Motion in the Presence of Resistive  

Forces  138

7  Energy of a System  150

7.1  Systems and Environments  151

7. 2  Work Done by a Constant Force  151

7. 3  The Scalar Product of Two Vectors  154

7.4  Work Done by a Varying Force  156

7.5  Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic  

Energy Theorem  161

7.6  Potential Energy of a System  165

7.7  Conservative and Nonconservative Forces  169

7.8  Relationship Between Conservative Forces and 

Potential Energy  171

7.9  Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a 

System  173

8  Conservation of Energy  181

8 .1  Analysis Model: Nonisolated System 

(Energy)  182

8.2  Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)  185

8.3  Situations Involving Kinetic Friction  191

8.4  Changes in Mechanical Energy  

for Nonconservative Forces  196

8.5  Power  200

9  Linear Momentum and Collisions  210

9.1  Linear Momentum  211

9.2  Analysis Model: Isolated System 

(Momentum)  213

9.3  Analysis Model: Nonisolated System 

(Momentum)  215

9.4  Collisions in One Dimension  219

9.5  Collisions in Two Dimensions  227

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Pa RT   2

oscillations and 

Mechanical Waves  385

15  oscillatory Motion  386

15.1  Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring  387

15.2  Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic 

Motion  388

15.3  Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator  394

15.4  Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with 

Uniform Circular Motion  398

15.5  The Pendulum  400

15.6  Damped Oscillations  404

15.7  Forced Oscillations  405

16  Wave Motion  415

16.1  Propagation of a Disturbance  416

16.2  Analysis Model: Traveling Wave   419

16.3  The Speed of Waves on Strings  423

16.4  Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal 

Waves on Strings  426

16.5  The Linear Wave Equation  428

16.6  Sound Waves  429

16.7  Speed of Sound Waves  431

16.8  Intensity of Sound Waves  433

16.9  The Doppler Effect  438

17  Superposition and Standing Waves  451

17.1  Analysis Model: Waves in Interference  452

17. 2  Standing Waves  456

17. 3  Boundary Effects: Reflection and 

Transmission  459

17.4  Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary 

Conditions  461

17.5  Resonance  465

17.6  Standing Waves in Air Columns  466

17.7  Beats: Interference in Time  469

17.8  Nonsinusoidal Waveforms  472

P a RT   3

thermodynamics  481

18  temperature  482

18 .1  Temperature and the Zeroth Law  

of Thermodynamics  483

18.2  Thermometers and the Celsius  

Temperature Scale  484

18.3  The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer  

and the Absolute Temperature Scale  485

18.4  Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids  488

18.5  Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas  492

9.6  The Center of Mass  230

9.7  Systems of Many Particles  234

9.8  Deformable Systems  237

9.9  Rocket Propulsion  239

10  Rotation of a Rigid object About  

a Fixed Axis  249

10.1  Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration  250

10.2  Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant 

Angular Acceleration  252

10.3  Angular and Translational Quantities  254

10.4  Torque  257

10.5  Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net 

Torque  259

10.6  Calculation of Moments of Inertia  263

10.7  Rotational Kinetic Energy  267

10.8  Energy Considerations in Rotational  

Motion  269

10.9  Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object  272

11  Angular Momentum  285

11.1  The Vector Product and Torque  286

11. 2  Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular 

Momentum)  288

11.3  Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid 

Object  293

11.4  Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular 

Momentum)  295

11.5  The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops  301

12  Static Equilibrium and Elasticity  310

12 .1  Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium  311

12.2  More on the Center of Gravity  312

12.3  Examples of Rigid Objects in Static 

Equilibrium  313

12.4  Elastic Properties of Solids  319

13  Universal Gravitation  332

13.1  Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation  333

13.2  Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational 

Force  335

13.3  Analysis Model: Particle in a Field 

(Gravitational)  336

13.4  Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets  339

13.5  Gravitational Potential Energy  345

13.6  Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite 

Motion  347

14  Fluid Mechanics  358

14.1  Pressure  359

14.2  Variation of Pressure with Depth  360

14.3  Pressure Measurements  364

14.4  Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle  365

14.5  Fluid Dynamics  368

14.6  Bernoulli’s Equation  371

14.7  Flow of Viscous Fluids in Pipes  375

14.8  Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics  377

vi  Contents

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24.3  Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to 

Point Charges  642

24.4  Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field  

from the Electric Potential  645

24.5  Electric Potential Due to Continuous  

Charge Distributions  646

24.6  Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium  651

25 Capacitance and dielectrics  663

2 5.1  Definition of Capacitance  664

25.2  Calculating Capacitance  665

25.3  Combinations of Capacitors  668

25.4  Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor  672

25.5  Capacitors with Dielectrics  676

25.6  Electric Dipole in an Electric Field  678

25.7  An Atomic Description of Dielectrics  681

26 Current and Resistance  691

26.1  Electric Current  692

26.2  Resistance  694

26.3  A Model for Electrical Conduction  699

26.4  Resistance and Temperature  701

26.5  Superconductors  702

26.6  Electrical Power  703

27 direct-Current Circuits  713

27.1  Electromotive Force  714

27. 2  Resistors in Series and Parallel  716

27. 3  Kirchhoff’s Rules  723

27.4  RC Circuits  726

27.5  Household Wiring and Electrical Safety  732

28 Magnetic Fields  742

28 .1  Analysis Model: Particle in a Field 

(Magnetic)  743

28.2  Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform 

Magnetic Field  748

28.3  Applications Involving Charged Particles  

Moving in a Magnetic Field  752

28.4  Magnetic Force Acting on a Current- 

Carrying Conductor  755

28.5  Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform  

Magnetic Field  757

28.6  The Hall Effect  761

29 Sources of the Magnetic Field  771

2 9.1  The Biot–Savart Law  772

29.2  The Magnetic Force Between Two  

Parallel Conductors  777

29.3  Ampère’s Law  779

29.4  The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid  782

29.5  Gauss’s Law in Magnetism  784

29.6  Magnetism in Matter  786

30 Faraday’s Law  797

30.1  Faraday’s Law of Induction  798

30.2  Motional emf  801

30.3  Lenz’s Law  805

19  the First Law of thermodynamics  501

19.1  Heat and Internal Energy  502

19.2  Specific Heat and Calorimetry  505

19.3  Latent Heat  509

19.4  Work in Thermodynamic Processes  513

19.5  The First Law of Thermodynamics  514

19.6  Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal 

Processes  518

20 the Kinetic theory of Gases  533

20.1  Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas  534

20.2  Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas  539

20.3  The Equipartition of Energy  542

20.4  Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas  545

20.5  Distribution of Molecular Speeds  547

21  Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law 

of thermodynamics  556

21.1  Heat Engines and the Second Law  

of Thermodynamics  557

21.2  Heat Pumps and Refrigerators  559

21.3  Reversible and Irreversible Processes  562

21.4  The Carnot Engine  563

21.5  Gasoline and Diesel Engines  567

21.6  Entropy  570

21.7  Entropy in Thermodynamic Systems  572

21.8  Entropy and the Second Law  578

Pa RT   4

Electricity and 

Magnetism  587

22 Electric Fields  588

2 2 .1  Properties of Electric Charges  589

22.2  Charging Objects by Induction  591

22.3  Coulomb’s Law  593

22.4  Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Electric)  598

22.5  Electric Field Lines  603

22.6  Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform  

Electric Field  605

23 Continuous Charge distributions  

and Gauss’s Law  615

2 3.1  Electric Field of a Continuous Charge 

Distribution  616

23.2  Electric Flux  620

23.3  Gauss’s Law  623

23.4  Application of Gauss’s Law to Various  

Charge Distributions  625

24 Electric Potential  636

24.1  Electric Potential and Potential Difference  637

24.2  Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric 

Field  639

  Contents  vii

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36 Wave optics  962

3 6.1  Young’s Double-Slit Experiment  963

36.2  Analysis Model: Waves in Interference  965

36.3  Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit 

Interference Pattern  968

36.4  Change of Phase Due to Reflection  969

36.5  Interference in Thin Films  970

36.6  The Michelson Interferometer  973

37 diffraction Patterns and Polarization  983

37.1  Introduction to Diffraction Patterns  984

37. 2  Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits  985

37. 3  Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular 

Apertures  988

37.4  The Diffraction Grating  992

37.5  Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals  996

37.6  Polarization of Light Waves  998

Pa RT   6

Modern Physics  1011

38 Relativity  1012

3 8 .1  The Principle of Galilean Relativity  1013

38.2  The Michelson–Morley Experiment  1016

38.3  Einstein’s Principle of Relativity  1018

38.4  Consequences of the Special Theory  

of Relativity  1019

38.5  The Lorentz Transformation Equations  1030

38.6  The Lorentz Velocity Transformation 

Equations  1031

38.7  Relativistic Linear Momentum  1034

38.8  Relativistic Energy  1035

38.9  The General Theory of Relativity  1039

39 introduction to Quantum Physics  1048

3 9.1  Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s 

Hypothesis  1049

39.2  The Photoelectric Effect  1055

39.3  The Compton Effect  1061

39.4  The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves  1063

39.5  The Wave Properties of Particles  1064

39.6  A New Model: The Quantum Particle  1067

39.7  The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited  1070

39.8  The Uncertainty Principle  1071

40 Quantum Mechanics  1079

4 0.1  The Wave Function  1079

40.2  Analysis Model: Quantum Particle Under 

Boundary Conditions   1084

40.3  The Schrödinger Equation  1089

40.4  A Particle in a Well of Finite Height   1091

40.5  Tunneling Through a Potential Energy 

Barrier  1093

40.6  Applications of Tunneling  1095

40.7  The Simple Harmonic Oscillator  1096

30.4  The General Form of Faraday’s Law  808

30.5  Generators and Motors  810

30.6  Eddy Currents  814

31  inductance  824

31.1  Self-Induction and Inductance  825

31.2  RL Circuits  827

31.3  Energy in a Magnetic Field  830

31.4  Mutual Inductance  832

31.5  Oscillations in an LC Circuit  834

31.6  The RLC Circuit  837

32 Alternating-Current Circuits  847

3 2 .1  AC Sources  848

32.2  Resistors in an AC Circuit  848

32.3  Inductors in an AC Circuit  851

32.4  Capacitors in an AC Circuit  854

32.5  The RLC Series Circuit  856

32.6  Power in an AC Circuit  859

32.7  Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit  861

32.8  The Transformer and Power Transmission  863

33 Electromagnetic Waves  873

3 3.1  Displacement Current and the General  

Form of Ampère’s Law  874

33.2  Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s 

Discoveries  876

33.3  Plane Electromagnetic Waves  878

33.4  Energy Carried by Electromagnetic  

Waves  882

33.5  Momentum and Radiation Pressure  884

33.6  Production of Electromagnetic Waves  

by an Antenna  886

33.7  The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves  887

Pa RT   5

Light and optics  897

34 the nature of Light and the Principles  

of Ray optics  898

3 4.1  The Nature of Light  899

34.2  The Ray Approximation in Ray Optics  901

34.3  Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection  902

34.4  Analysis Model: Wave Under Refraction  905

34.5  Huygens’s Principle  911

34.6  Dispersion  912

34.7  Total Internal Reflection  914

35 image Formation  925

3 5.1  Images Formed by Flat Mirrors  926

35.2  Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors  928

35.3  Images Formed by Refraction  935

35.4  Images Formed by Thin Lenses  939

35.5  Lens Aberrations  947

35.6  Optical Instruments  947

viii  Contents

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44.2  Positrons and Other Antiparticles  1227

44.3  Mesons and the Beginning of Particle 

Physics  1229

44.4  Classification of Particles  1231

44.5  Conservation Laws  1233

44.6  Strange Particles and Strangeness  1236

44.7  Finding Patterns in the Particles  1238

44.8  Quarks  1240

44.9  Multicolored Quarks  1242

4 4.10  The Standard Model  1244

4 4.11  The Cosmic Connection  1246

4 4.12  Problems and Perspectives  1251

Appendices

A  tables  A-1

Table A.1  Conversion Factors  A-1

Table A.2   Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical 

Quantities  A-2

B  Mathematics Review  A-4

B.1  Scientific Notation  A-4

B.2  Algebra  A-5

B.3   Geometry  A-10

B.4  Trigonometry  A-11

B.5  Series Expansions  A-13

B.6  Differential Calculus  A-13

B.7  Integral Calculus  A-16

B.8  Propagation of Uncertainty  A-20

C  Periodic table of the Elements  A-22

D  Si Units  A-24

D.1  SI Units  A-24

D.2  Some Derived SI Units  A-24

Answers to Quick Quizzes and odd-numbered 

Problems  A-25

index i-1

41  Atomic Physics  1105

41.1  Atomic Spectra of Gases  1106

41.2  Early Models of the Atom  1107

41.3  Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom  1109

41.4  The Quantum Model of the Hydrogen 

Atom  1114

41.5  The Wave Functions for Hydrogen  1117

41.6  Physical Interpretation of the Quantum 

Numb er s  1120

41.7  The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic 

Table  1126

41.8  More on Atomic Spectra: Visible and X-Ray  1130

41.9  Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions  1133

41.10  L aser s  113 5

42 Molecules and Solids  1144

4 2 .1  Molecular Bonds  1145

42.2  Energy States and Spectra of Molecules  1148

42.3  Bonding in Solids  1156

42.4  Free-Electron Theory of Metals  1158

42.5  Band Theory of Solids  1160

42.6  Electrical Conduction in Metals, Insulators,  

and Semiconductors  1162

42.7  Semiconductor Devices  1165

43 nuclear Physics  1177

4 3.1  Some Properties of Nuclei  1178

43.2  Nuclear Binding Energy  1182

43.3  Nuclear Models  1184

43.4  Radioactivity  1187

43.5  The Decay Processes  1190

43.6  Natural Radioactivity  1200

43.7  Nuclear Reactions  1200

43.8  Nuclear Fission  1202

43.9  Nuclear Reactors  1204

4 3.10  Nuclear Fusion  1207

4 3.11  Biological Radiation Damage  1211

4 3.12  Uses of Radiation from the Nucleus  1213

4 3.13  Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic 

Resonance Imaging  1215

44 Particle Physics and Cosmology  1225

4 4.1  Field Particles for the Fundamental  

Forces in Nature  122




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