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Description of 2025 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals


The 2025 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals covers basic principles and data used in the HVAC&R industry. It's more than 1,100 pages have been extensively updated and cover foundational concepts such as thermodynamics, psychrometrics, and heat transfer, and provide practical guidance on building envelopes, indoor environmental quality, load calculations, duct and piping system design, refrigerants, energy resources, sustainability, climate change, and more.


The ASHRAE Technical Committees that prepare these chapters provide new information, clarify existing content, delete obsolete materials, and reorganize chapters to make the Handbook more understandable and easier to use. The Handbook is available in hard copy, downloadable PDF, and as access to all four current volumes (plus extra features and an archive of discontinued chapters) via Handbook Online.

Updates have been made throughout the volume, but just a few of the highlights include the following.

Chapter 5, Two-Phase Flow: expanded explanations of the latest research and extensive table updates.

Chapter 14, Climatic Design Information: greatly expanded cli-mate data tables (available via download with the PDF version of this chapter at technologyportal.ashrae.org, and with a subscription to Handbook Online). The Handbook Online version also includes access to the updated 2025 Weather Data Viewer.

Chapters 25, 26, and 27, addressing various aspects of heat, air, and moisture control: extensive updates and new examples.

Chapter 30, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants: new data and graphs for R-448A, RE-449A, and R-454B.

Chapter 31, Physical Properties of Secondary Refrigerants (Brines): all graphs and tables have been updated.

Chapter 35, Sustainability: heavily rewritten to address the latest data and approaches.

Chapter 36, Global Climate Change: extensive updates to reflect the most up-to-date climate knowledge and forecasts.

Chapter 38, Measurement and Instruments: updated to the latest practices.

Chapter 40, Units and Conversions: new explanatory text and examples to help readers navigate a dual-unit world.


TABLE OF CONTENTS


Contributors


ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource Groups


ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life


Preface


PRINCIPLES


Chapter 1. Psychrometrics (TC 1.1, Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics; TC 8.3, Absorption and Heat Operated Machines)


2. Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles (TC 1.1)


3. Fluid Flow (TC 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow)


4. Heat Transfer (TC 1.3)


5. Two-Phase Flow (TC 1.3)


6. Mass Transfer (TC 1.3)


7. Fundamentals of Control (TC 1.4, Control Theory and Application)


8. Sound and Vibration (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration)


INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY


Chapter 9. Thermal Comfort (TC 2.1, Physiology and Human Environment)


10. Indoor Environmental Health (Environmental Health Committee)


11. Air Contaminants (TC 2.3, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment)


12. Odors (TC 2.3)


13. Indoor Environmental Modeling (TC 4.10, Indoor Environmental Modeling)


LOAD AND ENERGY CALCULATIONS


Chapter 14. Climatic Design Information (TC 4.2, Climatic Information)


15. Fenestration (TC 4.5, Fenestration)


16. Ventilation and Infiltration (TC 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration)


17. Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (TC 4.1, Load Calculation Data and Procedures)


18. Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (TC 4.1)


19. Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods (TC 4.7, Energy Calculations)


HVAC DESIGN


Chapter 20. Space Air Diffusion (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution)


21.Duct Design (TC 5.2, Duct Design)


22. Pipe and Tube Design (TC 6.1, Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems)


23. Insulation for Mechanical Systems (TC 1.8, Mechanical Systems Insulation)


24. Airflow Around Buildings (TC 4.3)


BUILDING ENVELOPE


Chapter 25. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Fundamentals (TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance)


26. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Material Properties (TC 4.4)


27. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Examples (TC 4.4)


MATERIALS


Chapter 28. Combustion and Fuels (TC 6.10, Fuels and Combustion)


29. Refrigerants (TC 3.1, Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants)


30. Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants (TC 3.1)


31. Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants (Brines) (TC 3.1)


32. Sorbents and Desiccants (TC 8.10, Mechanical and Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment, Heat Pipes and Components)


33. Physical Properties of Materials (TC 1.3)


GENERAL


Chapter 34. Energy Resources (TC 2.8, Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability)


35. Sustainability (TC 2.8)


36. Global Climate Change (TC 2.5, Global Climate Change)


37. Moisture Management in Buildings (TC 1.12, Moisture Management in Buildings)


38. Measurement and Instruments (TC 1.2, Instruments and Measurements)


39. Abbreviations and Symbols (TC 1.6, Terminology)


40. Units and Conversions (TC 1.6)


41. Codes and Standards


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS


INDEX


Composite index to the 2022 Refrigeration, 2023 HVAC Applications, 2024 HVAC Systems and Equipment, and 2025 Fundamentals volumes



Description of 2024 ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Systems and Equipment



Contributors


ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource Groups


ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life


Preface


AIR-CONDITIONING AND HEATING SYSTEMS


HVAC System Analysis and Selection

Decentralized Cooling and Heating

Central Cooling and Heating Plants

Air Handling and Distribution

In-Room Terminal Systems

Radiant Heating and Cooling

Combined Heat and Power Systems

Combustion Turbine Inlet Cooling

Applied Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Systems

Small Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems

Steam Systems

District Heating and Cooling

Hydronic Heating and Cooling

Condenser Water Systems

Medium- and High-Temperature Water Heating

Infrared Radiant Heating

Germicidal Ultraviolet Lamp Systems

Variable Refrigerant Flow

AIR-HANDLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS


Duct Construction

Room Air Distribution Equipment

Fans

Humidifiers

Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils

Desiccant Dehumidification and Pressure-Drying Equipment

Mechanical Dehumidifiers and Related Components

Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment

Air-Heating Coils

Unit Ventilators, Unit Heaters, and Makeup Air Units

Air Cleaners for Particulate Contaminants

Air Pollution Control and Industrial Gas Cleaning

HEATING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS


Automatic Fuel-Burning Systems

Boilers

Furnaces

Residential In-Space Heating Equipment

Chimney, Vent, and Fireplace Systems

Hydronic Heat-Distributing Units and Radiators

Solar Energy Equipment

COOLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS


Compressors

Condensers

Cooling Towers

Evaporative Air-Cooling Equipment

Liquid Coolers

Liquid-Chilling Systems

GENERAL COMPONENTS


Centrifugal Pumps

Motors, Motor Controls, and Variable-Frequency Drives

Valves

Heat Exchangers

PACKAGED, UNITARY, AND SPLIT-SYSTEM EQUIPMENT


Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps

Room Air Conditioners and Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners

GENERAL


Thermal Storage

Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems

Codes and Standards



View the Description of the 2023 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications



Contributors: ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource Groups ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life


COMFORT APPLICATIONS


Residential Space Conditioning (TC 8.11, Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps)

Retail Facilities (TC 9.8, Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications)

Commercial and Public Buildings (TC 9.8)

Tall Buildings (TC 9.12, Tall Buildings)

Places of Assembly (TC 9.8)

Indoor Swimming Pools (TC 9.8)

Hospitality (TC 9.8)

Educational Facilities (TC 9.7)

Health Care Facilities (TC 9.6, Healthcare Facilities)

Justice Facilities (TC 9.4, Justice Facilities)

Automobiles (TC 9.3, Transportation Air Conditioning)

Mass Transit (TC 9.3)

Aircraft (TC 9.3)

Ships (TC 9.3)

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS


Industrial Air Conditioning (TC 9.2, Industrial Air Conditioning)

Enclosed Vehicular Facilities (TC 5.9, Enclosed Vehicular Facilities)

Laboratories (TC 9.10, Laboratory Systems)

Engine Test Facilities (TC 9.2)

Clean Spaces (TC 9.11, Clean Spaces)

Data Centers and Telecommunication Facilities (TC 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities, Data Centers, Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment)

Printing Plants (TC 9.2)

Textile Processing Plants (TC 9.2)

Fire and EMT Stations and Training Academies (TC 9.8)

Museums, Galleries, Archives, and Libraries (TC 9.8)

Environmental Control for Animals and Plants (TC 2.2, Plant and Animal Environment)

Drying and Storing Selected Farm Crops (TC 2.2)

Air Conditioning of Wood and Paper Product Facilities (TC 9.2)

Power Plants (TC 9.2)

Nuclear Facilities (TC 9.2)

Mine Ventilation and Air Conditioning (TC 9.2)

Industrial Drying Systems (TC 9.2)

Ventilation of the Industrial Environment (TC 5.8, Industrial Ventilation)

Industrial Local Exhaust Systems (TC 5.8)

Kitchen Ventilation (TC 5.10, Kitchen Ventilation)

ENERGY-RELATED APPLICATIONS


Ground-Source Heat Pumps and Geothermal Energy (TC 6.8, Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications)

Solar Energy Use (TC 6.7, Solar Energy Utilization)

BUILDING OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT


Energy Use and Management (TC 7.6, Building Energy Performance)

Owning and Operating Costs (TC 7.3, Operation, Maintenance, and Cost Management)

Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TC 7.7, Testing and Balancing)

Operation and Maintenance Management (TC 7.3)

Computer Applications (TC 1.5, Computer Applications)

Building Energy and Water Monitoring (TC 7.6)

Supervisory Control Strategies and Optimization (TC 7.5, Smart Building Systems)

HVAC Commissioning (TC 7.9, Building Commissioning)

GENERAL APPLICATIONS


Building Envelopes (TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance)

Building Air Intake and Exhaust Design (TC 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration)

Air Cleaners for Gaseous Contaminants (TC 2.3, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment)

Design and Application of Controls (TC 1.4, Control Theory and Application)

Noise and Vibration Control (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration)

Water Treatment: Deposition, Corrosion, Fouling, and Biological Control (TC 3.6, Water Treatment)

Service Water Heating (TC 6.6, Service Water Heating Systems)

Snow Melting and Freeze Protection (TC 6.5, Radiant Heating and Cooling)

Evaporative Cooling (TC 5.7, Evaporative Cooling)

Fire and Smoke Control (TC 5.6, Control of Fire and Smoke)

Radiant Heating and Cooling (TC 6.5)

Seismic-, Wind-, and Flood-Resistant Design (TC 2.7, Seismic, Wind, and Flood Resistant Design)

Electrical Considerations (TC 1.9, Electrical Systems)

Room Air Distribution (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution)

Indoor Airflow Modeling (TC 4.10)

Integrated Project Delivery and Building Design (TC 7.1, Integrated Building Design)

HVAC Resilience and Security (TC 2.10, Resilience and Security)

Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment (TC 2.9, Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment)

Smart Building Systems (TC 7.5)

Avoiding Moisture and Mold Problems (TC 1.12, Moisture Management in Buildings)

Occupant-Centric Sensing and Controls (MTG.OBB)

In-Room Air Cleaners (TC 2.4)

Codes and Standards



Description 2022 ASHRAE Handbook - Refrigeration



SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES

1. Halocarbon Refrigeration Systems

2. Ammonia Refrigeration Systems

3. Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration Systems

4. Liquid Overfeed Systems

5. Component Balancing in Refrigeration Systems

6. Refrigerant System Chemistry

7. Control of Moisture and Other Contaminants in Refrigerant Systems

8. Equipment and System Dehydrating, Charging, and Testing

9. Refrigerant Containment, Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation


COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT

10. Insulation Systems for Refrigerant Piping

11. Refrigerant Control Devices

12. Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems

13. Secondary Coolants in Refrigeration Systems

14. Forced-Circulation Air Coolers

15. Retail Food Store Refrigeration and Equipment

16. Food Service and General Commercial Refrigeration Equipment

17. Household Refrigerators and Freezers

18. Absorption Equipment


FOOD COOLING AND STORAGE

19. Thermal Properties of Foods

20. Cooling and Freezing Times of Foods

21. Commodity Storage Requirements

22. Food Microbiology and Refrigeration

23. Refrigerated-Facility Design

24. Refrigerated-Facility Loads


REFRIGERATED TRANSPORT

25. Cargo Containers, Rail Cars, Trailers, and Trucks

26. Marine Refrigeration

27. Air Transport


FOOD, BEVERAGE, AND FLORAL APPLICATIONS

28. Methods of Precooling Fruits, Vegetables, and Cut Flowers

29. Industrial Food-Freezing Systems

30. Meat Products

31. Poultry Products

32. Fishery Products

33. Dairy Products

34. Eggs and Egg Products

35. Deciduous Tree and Vine Fruit

36. Citrus Fruit, Bananas, and Subtropical Fruit

37. Vegetables

38. Fruit Juice Concentrates and Chilled Juice Products

39. Beverages

40. Processed, Precooked, and Prepared Foods

41. Bakery Products

42. Chocolates, Candies, Nuts, Dried Fruits, and Dried Vegetables


INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

43. Ice Manufacture

44. Ice Rinks

45. Concrete Dams and Subsurface Soils

46. Refrigeration in the Chemical Industry


LOW-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS

47. Cryogenics

48. Ultralow-Temperature Refrigeration

49. Biomedical Applications of Cryogenic Refrigeration


GENERAL

50. Terminology of Refrigeration

51. Codes and Standards



Description of 2021 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals



PRINCIPLES

Chapter


1. Psychrometrics

2. Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles

3. Fluid Flow

4. Heat Transfer

5. Two-Phase Flow

6. Mass Transfer

7. Fundamentals of Control

8. Sound and Vibration


INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Chapter


9. Thermal Comfort

10. Indoor Environmental Health

11. Air Contaminants

12. Odors

13. Indoor Environmental Modeling


LOAD AND ENERGY CALCULATIONS

Chapter


14. Climatic Design Information

15. Fenestration

16. Ventilation and Infiltration

17. Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations

18. Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations

19. Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods


HVAC DESIGN

Chapter


20. Space Air Diffusion

21. Duct Design

22. Pipe Design

23. Insulation for Mechanical Systems

24. Airflow Around Buildings


BUILDING ENVELOPE

Chapter


25. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Fundamentals

26. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Material Properties

27. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Examples


MATERIALS

Chapter


28. Combustion and Fuels

29. Refrigerants

30. Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants

31. Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants (Brines)

32. Sorbents and Desiccants

33. Physical Properties of Materials


GENERAL

Chapter


34. Energy Resources

35. Sustainability

36. Global Climate Change

37. Moisture Management in Buildings

38. Measurement and Instruments

39. Abbreviations and Symbols

40. Units and Conversions

41. Codes and Standards











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Description of 2025 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals


The 2025 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals covers basic principles and data used in the HVAC&R industry. It's more than 1,100 pages have been extensively updated and cover foundational concepts such as thermodynamics, psychrometrics, and heat transfer, and provide practical guidance on building envelopes, indoor environmental quality, load calculations, duct and piping system design, refrigerants, energy resources, sustainability, climate change, and more.


The ASHRAE Technical Committees that prepare these chapters provide new information, clarify existing content, delete obsolete materials, and reorganize chapters to make the Handbook more understandable and easier to use. The Handbook is available in hard copy, downloadable PDF, and as access to all four current volumes (plus extra features and an archive of discontinued chapters) via Handbook Online.

Updates have been made throughout the volume, but just a few of the highlights include the following.

Chapter 5, Two-Phase Flow: expanded explanations of the latest research and extensive table updates.

Chapter 14, Climatic Design Information: greatly expanded cli-mate data tables (available via download with the PDF version of this chapter at technologyportal.ashrae.org, and with a subscription to Handbook Online). The Handbook Online version also includes access to the updated 2025 Weather Data Viewer.

Chapters 25, 26, and 27, addressing various aspects of heat, air, and moisture control: extensive updates and new examples.

Chapter 30, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants: new data and graphs for R-448A, RE-449A, and R-454B.

Chapter 31, Physical Properties of Secondary Refrigerants (Brines): all graphs and tables have been updated.

Chapter 35, Sustainability: heavily rewritten to address the latest data and approaches.

Chapter 36, Global Climate Change: extensive updates to reflect the most up-to-date climate knowledge and forecasts.

Chapter 38, Measurement and Instruments: updated to the latest practices.

Chapter 40, Units and Conversions: new explanatory text and examples to help readers navigate a dual-unit world.


TABLE OF CONTENTS


Contributors


ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource Groups


ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life


Preface


PRINCIPLES


Chapter 1. Psychrometrics (TC 1.1, Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics; TC 8.3, Absorption and Heat Operated Machines)


2. Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles (TC 1.1)


3. Fluid Flow (TC 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow)


4. Heat Transfer (TC 1.3)


5. Two-Phase Flow (TC 1.3)


6. Mass Transfer (TC 1.3)


7. Fundamentals of Control (TC 1.4, Control Theory and Application)


8. Sound and Vibration (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration)


INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY


Chapter 9. Thermal Comfort (TC 2.1, Physiology and Human Environment)


10. Indoor Environmental Health (Environmental Health Committee)


11. Air Contaminants (TC 2.3, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment)


12. Odors (TC 2.3)


13. Indoor Environmental Modeling (TC 4.10, Indoor Environmental Modeling)


LOAD AND ENERGY CALCULATIONS


Chapter 14. Climatic Design Information (TC 4.2, Climatic Information)


15. Fenestration (TC 4.5, Fenestration)


16. Ventilation and Infiltration (TC 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration)


17. Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (TC 4.1, Load Calculation Data and Procedures)


18. Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (TC 4.1)


19. Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods (TC 4.7, Energy Calculations)


HVAC DESIGN


Chapter 20. Space Air Diffusion (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution)


21.Duct Design (TC 5.2, Duct Design)


22. Pipe and Tube Design (TC 6.1, Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems)


23. Insulation for Mechanical Systems (TC 1.8, Mechanical Systems Insulation)


24. Airflow Around Buildings (TC 4.3)


BUILDING ENVELOPE


Chapter 25. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Fundamentals (TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance)


26. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Material Properties (TC 4.4)


27. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Examples (TC 4.4)


MATERIALS


Chapter 28. Combustion and Fuels (TC 6.10, Fuels and Combustion)


29. Refrigerants (TC 3.1, Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants)


30. Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants (TC 3.1)


31. Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants (Brines) (TC 3.1)


32. Sorbents and Desiccants (TC 8.10, Mechanical and Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment, Heat Pipes and Components)


33. Physical Properties of Materials (TC 1.3)


GENERAL


Chapter 34. Energy Resources (TC 2.8, Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability)


35. Sustainability (TC 2.8)


36. Global Climate Change (TC 2.5, Global Climate Change)


37. Moisture Management in Buildings (TC 1.12, Moisture Management in Buildings)


38. Measurement and Instruments (TC 1.2, Instruments and Measurements)


39. Abbreviations and Symbols (TC 1.6, Terminology)


40. Units and Conversions (TC 1.6)


41. Codes and Standards


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS


INDEX


Composite index to the 2022 Refrigeration, 2023 HVAC Applications, 2024 HVAC Systems and Equipment, and 2025 Fundamentals volumes



Description of 2024 ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Systems and Equipment



Contributors


ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource Groups


ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life


Preface


AIR-CONDITIONING AND HEATING SYSTEMS


HVAC System Analysis and Selection

Decentralized Cooling and Heating

Central Cooling and Heating Plants

Air Handling and Distribution

In-Room Terminal Systems

Radiant Heating and Cooling

Combined Heat and Power Systems

Combustion Turbine Inlet Cooling

Applied Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Systems

Small Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems

Steam Systems

District Heating and Cooling

Hydronic Heating and Cooling

Condenser Water Systems

Medium- and High-Temperature Water Heating

Infrared Radiant Heating

Germicidal Ultraviolet Lamp Systems

Variable Refrigerant Flow

AIR-HANDLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS


Duct Construction

Room Air Distribution Equipment

Fans

Humidifiers

Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils

Desiccant Dehumidification and Pressure-Drying Equipment

Mechanical Dehumidifiers and Related Components

Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment

Air-Heating Coils

Unit Ventilators, Unit Heaters, and Makeup Air Units

Air Cleaners for Particulate Contaminants

Air Pollution Control and Industrial Gas Cleaning

HEATING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS


Automatic Fuel-Burning Systems

Boilers

Furnaces

Residential In-Space Heating Equipment

Chimney, Vent, and Fireplace Systems

Hydronic Heat-Distributing Units and Radiators

Solar Energy Equipment

COOLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS


Compressors

Condensers

Cooling Towers

Evaporative Air-Cooling Equipment

Liquid Coolers

Liquid-Chilling Systems

GENERAL COMPONENTS


Centrifugal Pumps

Motors, Motor Controls, and Variable-Frequency Drives

Valves

Heat Exchangers

PACKAGED, UNITARY, AND SPLIT-SYSTEM EQUIPMENT


Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps

Room Air Conditioners and Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners

GENERAL


Thermal Storage

Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems

Codes and Standards



View the Description of the 2023 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications



Contributors: ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource Groups ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life


COMFORT APPLICATIONS


Residential Space Conditioning (TC 8.11, Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps)

Retail Facilities (TC 9.8, Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications)

Commercial and Public Buildings (TC 9.8)

Tall Buildings (TC 9.12, Tall Buildings)

Places of Assembly (TC 9.8)

Indoor Swimming Pools (TC 9.8)

Hospitality (TC 9.8)

Educational Facilities (TC 9.7)

Health Care Facilities (TC 9.6, Healthcare Facilities)

Justice Facilities (TC 9.4, Justice Facilities)

Automobiles (TC 9.3, Transportation Air Conditioning)

Mass Transit (TC 9.3)

Aircraft (TC 9.3)

Ships (TC 9.3)

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS


Industrial Air Conditioning (TC 9.2, Industrial Air Conditioning)

Enclosed Vehicular Facilities (TC 5.9, Enclosed Vehicular Facilities)

Laboratories (TC 9.10, Laboratory Systems)

Engine Test Facilities (TC 9.2)

Clean Spaces (TC 9.11, Clean Spaces)

Data Centers and Telecommunication Facilities (TC 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities, Data Centers, Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment)

Printing Plants (TC 9.2)

Textile Processing Plants (TC 9.2)

Fire and EMT Stations and Training Academies (TC 9.8)

Museums, Galleries, Archives, and Libraries (TC 9.8)

Environmental Control for Animals and Plants (TC 2.2, Plant and Animal Environment)

Drying and Storing Selected Farm Crops (TC 2.2)

Air Conditioning of Wood and Paper Product Facilities (TC 9.2)

Power Plants (TC 9.2)

Nuclear Facilities (TC 9.2)

Mine Ventilation and Air Conditioning (TC 9.2)

Industrial Drying Systems (TC 9.2)

Ventilation of the Industrial Environment (TC 5.8, Industrial Ventilation)

Industrial Local Exhaust Systems (TC 5.8)

Kitchen Ventilation (TC 5.10, Kitchen Ventilation)

ENERGY-RELATED APPLICATIONS


Ground-Source Heat Pumps and Geothermal Energy (TC 6.8, Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications)

Solar Energy Use (TC 6.7, Solar Energy Utilization)

BUILDING OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT


Energy Use and Management (TC 7.6, Building Energy Performance)

Owning and Operating Costs (TC 7.3, Operation, Maintenance, and Cost Management)

Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TC 7.7, Testing and Balancing)

Operation and Maintenance Management (TC 7.3)

Computer Applications (TC 1.5, Computer Applications)

Building Energy and Water Monitoring (TC 7.6)

Supervisory Control Strategies and Optimization (TC 7.5, Smart Building Systems)

HVAC Commissioning (TC 7.9, Building Commissioning)

GENERAL APPLICATIONS


Building Envelopes (TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance)

Building Air Intake and Exhaust Design (TC 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration)

Air Cleaners for Gaseous Contaminants (TC 2.3, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment)

Design and Application of Controls (TC 1.4, Control Theory and Application)

Noise and Vibration Control (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration)

Water Treatment: Deposition, Corrosion, Fouling, and Biological Control (TC 3.6, Water Treatment)

Service Water Heating (TC 6.6, Service Water Heating Systems)

Snow Melting and Freeze Protection (TC 6.5, Radiant Heating and Cooling)

Evaporative Cooling (TC 5.7, Evaporative Cooling)

Fire and Smoke Control (TC 5.6, Control of Fire and Smoke)

Radiant Heating and Cooling (TC 6.5)

Seismic-, Wind-, and Flood-Resistant Design (TC 2.7, Seismic, Wind, and Flood Resistant Design)

Electrical Considerations (TC 1.9, Electrical Systems)

Room Air Distribution (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution)

Indoor Airflow Modeling (TC 4.10)

Integrated Project Delivery and Building Design (TC 7.1, Integrated Building Design)

HVAC Resilience and Security (TC 2.10, Resilience and Security)

Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment (TC 2.9, Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment)

Smart Building Systems (TC 7.5)

Avoiding Moisture and Mold Problems (TC 1.12, Moisture Management in Buildings)

Occupant-Centric Sensing and Controls (MTG.OBB)

In-Room Air Cleaners (TC 2.4)

Codes and Standards



Description 2022 ASHRAE Handbook - Refrigeration



SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES

1. Halocarbon Refrigeration Systems

2. Ammonia Refrigeration Systems

3. Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration Systems

4. Liquid Overfeed Systems

5. Component Balancing in Refrigeration Systems

6. Refrigerant System Chemistry

7. Control of Moisture and Other Contaminants in Refrigerant Systems

8. Equipment and System Dehydrating, Charging, and Testing

9. Refrigerant Containment, Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation


COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT

10. Insulation Systems for Refrigerant Piping

11. Refrigerant Control Devices

12. Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems

13. Secondary Coolants in Refrigeration Systems

14. Forced-Circulation Air Coolers

15. Retail Food Store Refrigeration and Equipment

16. Food Service and General Commercial Refrigeration Equipment

17. Household Refrigerators and Freezers

18. Absorption Equipment


FOOD COOLING AND STORAGE

19. Thermal Properties of Foods

20. Cooling and Freezing Times of Foods

21. Commodity Storage Requirements

22. Food Microbiology and Refrigeration

23. Refrigerated-Facility Design

24. Refrigerated-Facility Loads


REFRIGERATED TRANSPORT

25. Cargo Containers, Rail Cars, Trailers, and Trucks

26. Marine Refrigeration

27. Air Transport


FOOD, BEVERAGE, AND FLORAL APPLICATIONS

28. Methods of Precooling Fruits, Vegetables, and Cut Flowers

29. Industrial Food-Freezing Systems

30. Meat Products

31. Poultry Products

32. Fishery Products

33. Dairy Products

34. Eggs and Egg Products

35. Deciduous Tree and Vine Fruit

36. Citrus Fruit, Bananas, and Subtropical Fruit

37. Vegetables

38. Fruit Juice Concentrates and Chilled Juice Products

39. Beverages

40. Processed, Precooked, and Prepared Foods

41. Bakery Products

42. Chocolates, Candies, Nuts, Dried Fruits, and Dried Vegetables


INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

43. Ice Manufacture

44. Ice Rinks

45. Concrete Dams and Subsurface Soils

46. Refrigeration in the Chemical Industry


LOW-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS

47. Cryogenics

48. Ultralow-Temperature Refrigeration

49. Biomedical Applications of Cryogenic Refrigeration


GENERAL

50. Terminology of Refrigeration

51. Codes and Standards



Description of 2021 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals



PRINCIPLES

Chapter


1. Psychrometrics

2. Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles

3. Fluid Flow

4. Heat Transfer

5. Two-Phase Flow

6. Mass Transfer

7. Fundamentals of Control

8. Sound and Vibration


INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

Chapter


9. Thermal Comfort

10. Indoor Environmental Health

11. Air Contaminants

12. Odors

13. Indoor Environmental Modeling


LOAD AND ENERGY CALCULATIONS

Chapter


14. Climatic Design Information

15. Fenestration

16. Ventilation and Infiltration

17. Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations

18. Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations

19. Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods


HVAC DESIGN

Chapter


20. Space Air Diffusion

21. Duct Design

22. Pipe Design

23. Insulation for Mechanical Systems

24. Airflow Around Buildings


BUILDING ENVELOPE

Chapter


25. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Fundamentals

26. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Material Properties

27. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assemblies—Examples


MATERIALS

Chapter


28. Combustion and Fuels

29. Refrigerants

30. Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants

31. Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants (Brines)

32. Sorbents and Desiccants

33. Physical Properties of Materials


GENERAL

Chapter


34. Energy Resources

35. Sustainability

36. Global Climate Change

37. Moisture Management in Buildings

38. Measurement and Instruments

39. Abbreviations and Symbols

40. Units and Conversions

41. Codes and Standards











2019 ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Applications (SI Edition)


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2020 ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Systems and Equipment (SI Edition)


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2021 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals


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2022 ASHRAE Handbook - Refrigeration


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2023 ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Applications


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