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EBOOK - Assembling the Pieces of a Systematic Review - A Guide for Librarians (Margaret J. Foster)
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Here is a complete guide for librarians seeking to launch or refine their systematic review services.
Conducting searches for systematic reviews goes beyond expert searching and requires an understanding of the entire process of the systematic review. Just as expert searching is not fully mastered by the end of a library degree, mastering the systematic review process takes a great deal of time and practice. Attending workshops and webinars can introduce the topic, but application of the knowledge through practice is required. Running a systematic review service is complicated and requires constant updating and evaluation with new standards, more efficient methods, and improved reporting guidelines.
After a brief introduction to systematic reviews, the book guides librarians in defining and marketing their services, covering topics such as when it is appropriate to ask for co-authorship and how to reach out to stakeholders. Next, it addresses developing documentation and conducting the reference interview. Standards specific to systematic reviews, including PRISMA, Institute of Medicine, and Cochrane Collaboration, are discussed. Search strategy techniques, including choosing databases, harvesting search terms, selecting filters, and searching for grey literature are detailed. Data management and critical appraisal are covered in detail. Finally, the best practices for reporting the findings of systematic reviews are highlighted.
Experts with experience in both systematic reviews and librarianship, including the editors of the book, contributed to the chapters. Each step (or piece) of the review process (Planning the review, Identifying the studies, Evaluating studies, Collecting and combining data, Explaining the results, and Summarizing the review into a report), are covered with emphasis on information roles.
The book is for any librarian interested in conducting reviews or assisting others with reviews. It has several applications: for training librarians new to systematic reviews, for those developing a new systematic review service, for those wanting to establish protocols for a current service, and as a reference for those conducting reviews or running a service.
Participating in systematic reviews is a new frontier of librarianship, in which librarians can truly become research partners with our patrons, instead of merely providing access to resources and services.
CONTENTS:
List of Tables, Textboxes, and Figures ix
Preface xiii
1 Introduction to Systematic Reviews 1
Margaret J. Foster and Sarah T. Jewell
2 The Big Picture: Finding, Evaluating, and Applying Systematic
Reviews across Disciplines 13
Sarah Young and Erin Eldermire
3 Planning the Review, Part 1: The Reference Interview 31
Julie Schiavo and Margaret J. Foster
4 Planning the Review, Part 2: Team Dynamics and
Data Management 49
Mark P. MacEachern, Whitney A. Townsend, and Nancy J. Allee
5 Identifying the Studies, Part 1: Database Searching 67
Susan Fowler
6 Identifying the Studies, Part 2: Beyond Database Searching 85
Sarah T. Jewell, Susan Fowler, and Margaret J. Foster
7 Identifying the Studies, Part 3: Case Studies 99
Margaret J. Foster, Sarah T. Jewell, and guest authors
8 Evaluating: Study Selection and Critical Appraisal 125
Misa Mi
Contents
viii Contents
9 Collecting and Combining Study Data and Explaining
the Findings 147
Margaret J. Foster
10 Summarizing: Writing Review Protocols and Reports 163
Mary Lou Klem and Charles Wessel
11 The Art of Puzzle Solving: Systematic Review Services 183
Sarah T. Jewell, Margaret J. Foster, and Margaret Dreker
12 The Last Piece: Librarianship and Systematic Reviews 203
Margaret J. Foster and Sarah T. Jewell
Appendix: Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences (RBHS) Libraries
Systematic Review Services 215
Index 217
About the Editors and Contributors 223
ix
Tables, Textboxes, and Figures
TABLES
Table 1.1. Systematic review organizations 5
Table 2.1. Guidance and resources for conducting systematic
reviews by discipline 15
Table 2.2. Databases of reviews in specific disciplines 23
Table 2.3. Selected systematic review critical appraisal tools 24
Table 3.1. Closed versus open questions 33
Table 3.2. Types of review questions and examples 36
Table 3.3. Frameworks for research questions 38
Table 3.4. Comparing potential frameworks 40
Table 3.5. Types of studies to consider listed by question
type 41
Table 3.6. Criteria for determining if question is appropriate 42
Table 4.1. Data management recommendations 52
Table 4.2. Team composition recommendations 56
Table 4.3. Team member knowledge and responsibilities 58
Table 4.4. Advantages of systematic review software 59
Table 4.5. Chart of selected systematic review software key
features 60
Table 4.6. Licensing and user agreement checklist 62
Table 5.1. Four types of searches in a systematic review 68
Table 5.2. Controlled vocabulary examples 81
Table 6.1. Standards for searching beyond databases 87
Table 6.2. Sources for theses and dissertations 91
Table 6.3. Grey literature databases 92
Table 6.4. Government and international databases 92
x Tables, Textboxes, and Figures
Table 8.1. Common risks of bias in randomized studies 134
Table 9.1. Guidance on synthesis methods 149
Table 9.2. Narrative synthesis techniques 151
Table 9.3. Software for qualitative synthesis 151
Table 9.4. Software for meta-analysis 152
Table 9.5. Potential data elements 153
Table 9.6. Potential data collection tools 156
Table 9.7. Guides for synthesizing appraisal of the evidence 158
Table 10.1. Diversity of discipline-specific reporting
guidelines 167
Table 10.2. Online resources for finding reporting guidelines 168
Table 11.1. Potential roles 185
Table 11.2. Logic model template for developing a service 193
TEXTBOXES
Informational
Textbox 2.1. Reasons for seeking systematic reviews 20
Textbox 3.1. Questions to consider during initial reference
interview 34
Textbox 4.1. Information for reporting searches 53
Textbox 4.2. Best practices suggestion 54
Textbox 5.1. Translating a research question into the PICO
framework 73
Textbox 5.2. Translating PICO into a search strategy 74
Textbox 7.1. Framework for case study 1 100
Textbox 7.2. Framework for case study 2 102
Textbox 7.3. Framework for case study 3 106
Textbox 7.4. Framework for case study 4 108
Textbox 7.5. Framework for case study 5 112
Textbox 7.6. Framework for case study 6 114
Textbox 7.7. Framework for case study 7 115
Textbox 7.8. Framework for case study 8 118
Textbox 7.9. Framework for case study 9 121
Textbox 8.1. Process of study selection 127
Textbox 8.2. Key steps involved in critical appraisal 131
Textbox 8.3. Checklist for appraising randomized studies 135
Textbox 8.4. Checklist for appraising surveys 138
Textbox 9.1. Suggested steps for collecting and combining data 148
Textbox 9.2. Explanation of results 159
Tables, Textboxes, and Figures xi
Textbox 10.1. Benefits of reporting guidelines 167
Textbox 10.2. PRISMA guideline and guideline extensions 170
Textbox 10.3. Describing the search strategy 172
Textbox 11.1. Competencies for librarians consulting on
systematic reviews 187
Textbox 11.2. International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors (ICMJE) recommended criteria for
authorship 188
Textbox 11.3. Example of individual librarian–based service 190
Textbox 11.4. Example of team-based service 190
Textbox 11.5. Example of fee-based service 191
Textbox 11.6. Questions to answer when developing the
systematic review service 192
Action
Action Box 1.1. Find three different types of reviews on the
same topic 4
Action Box 2.1. Evaluate a systematic review using AMSTAR 25
Action Box 3.1. Textbox showing example table of reviews 41
Action Box 4.1. Ideal features of data management software 61
Action Box 5.1. Using PRESS to evaluate a search strategy 80
Action Box 6.1. Determining why an article was not retrieved in
a search 95
Action Box 10.1. Searching Google Scholar to identify
discipline-specific reporting guidelines 169
Action Box 11.1. Example of website describing a service 199
Action Box 12.1. Critically appraise a search filter 206
Action Box 12.2. Systematic review on library science topic 211
Librarian’s Corner
LC 6.1. Question: When grey literature is not peer
reviewed 86
LC 8.1. Librarian roles in screening and selecting studies 126
LC 8.2. Librarian roles in critical appraisal 139
LC 9.1. Librarian roles in collecting and combining study
data and explaining the synthesis 148
LC 10.1. Summary of information librarians typically
provide for systematic review documents 176
LC 11.1. Standards that define a librarian’s role
Here is a complete guide for librarians seeking to launch or refine their systematic review services.
Conducting searches for systematic reviews goes beyond expert searching and requires an understanding of the entire process of the systematic review. Just as expert searching is not fully mastered by the end of a library degree, mastering the systematic review process takes a great deal of time and practice. Attending workshops and webinars can introduce the topic, but application of the knowledge through practice is required. Running a systematic review service is complicated and requires constant updating and evaluation with new standards, more efficient methods, and improved reporting guidelines.
After a brief introduction to systematic reviews, the book guides librarians in defining and marketing their services, covering topics such as when it is appropriate to ask for co-authorship and how to reach out to stakeholders. Next, it addresses developing documentation and conducting the reference interview. Standards specific to systematic reviews, including PRISMA, Institute of Medicine, and Cochrane Collaboration, are discussed. Search strategy techniques, including choosing databases, harvesting search terms, selecting filters, and searching for grey literature are detailed. Data management and critical appraisal are covered in detail. Finally, the best practices for reporting the findings of systematic reviews are highlighted.
Experts with experience in both systematic reviews and librarianship, including the editors of the book, contributed to the chapters. Each step (or piece) of the review process (Planning the review, Identifying the studies, Evaluating studies, Collecting and combining data, Explaining the results, and Summarizing the review into a report), are covered with emphasis on information roles.
The book is for any librarian interested in conducting reviews or assisting others with reviews. It has several applications: for training librarians new to systematic reviews, for those developing a new systematic review service, for those wanting to establish protocols for a current service, and as a reference for those conducting reviews or running a service.
Participating in systematic reviews is a new frontier of librarianship, in which librarians can truly become research partners with our patrons, instead of merely providing access to resources and services.
CONTENTS:
List of Tables, Textboxes, and Figures ix
Preface xiii
1 Introduction to Systematic Reviews 1
Margaret J. Foster and Sarah T. Jewell
2 The Big Picture: Finding, Evaluating, and Applying Systematic
Reviews across Disciplines 13
Sarah Young and Erin Eldermire
3 Planning the Review, Part 1: The Reference Interview 31
Julie Schiavo and Margaret J. Foster
4 Planning the Review, Part 2: Team Dynamics and
Data Management 49
Mark P. MacEachern, Whitney A. Townsend, and Nancy J. Allee
5 Identifying the Studies, Part 1: Database Searching 67
Susan Fowler
6 Identifying the Studies, Part 2: Beyond Database Searching 85
Sarah T. Jewell, Susan Fowler, and Margaret J. Foster
7 Identifying the Studies, Part 3: Case Studies 99
Margaret J. Foster, Sarah T. Jewell, and guest authors
8 Evaluating: Study Selection and Critical Appraisal 125
Misa Mi
Contents
viii Contents
9 Collecting and Combining Study Data and Explaining
the Findings 147
Margaret J. Foster
10 Summarizing: Writing Review Protocols and Reports 163
Mary Lou Klem and Charles Wessel
11 The Art of Puzzle Solving: Systematic Review Services 183
Sarah T. Jewell, Margaret J. Foster, and Margaret Dreker
12 The Last Piece: Librarianship and Systematic Reviews 203
Margaret J. Foster and Sarah T. Jewell
Appendix: Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences (RBHS) Libraries
Systematic Review Services 215
Index 217
About the Editors and Contributors 223
ix
Tables, Textboxes, and Figures
TABLES
Table 1.1. Systematic review organizations 5
Table 2.1. Guidance and resources for conducting systematic
reviews by discipline 15
Table 2.2. Databases of reviews in specific disciplines 23
Table 2.3. Selected systematic review critical appraisal tools 24
Table 3.1. Closed versus open questions 33
Table 3.2. Types of review questions and examples 36
Table 3.3. Frameworks for research questions 38
Table 3.4. Comparing potential frameworks 40
Table 3.5. Types of studies to consider listed by question
type 41
Table 3.6. Criteria for determining if question is appropriate 42
Table 4.1. Data management recommendations 52
Table 4.2. Team composition recommendations 56
Table 4.3. Team member knowledge and responsibilities 58
Table 4.4. Advantages of systematic review software 59
Table 4.5. Chart of selected systematic review software key
features 60
Table 4.6. Licensing and user agreement checklist 62
Table 5.1. Four types of searches in a systematic review 68
Table 5.2. Controlled vocabulary examples 81
Table 6.1. Standards for searching beyond databases 87
Table 6.2. Sources for theses and dissertations 91
Table 6.3. Grey literature databases 92
Table 6.4. Government and international databases 92
x Tables, Textboxes, and Figures
Table 8.1. Common risks of bias in randomized studies 134
Table 9.1. Guidance on synthesis methods 149
Table 9.2. Narrative synthesis techniques 151
Table 9.3. Software for qualitative synthesis 151
Table 9.4. Software for meta-analysis 152
Table 9.5. Potential data elements 153
Table 9.6. Potential data collection tools 156
Table 9.7. Guides for synthesizing appraisal of the evidence 158
Table 10.1. Diversity of discipline-specific reporting
guidelines 167
Table 10.2. Online resources for finding reporting guidelines 168
Table 11.1. Potential roles 185
Table 11.2. Logic model template for developing a service 193
TEXTBOXES
Informational
Textbox 2.1. Reasons for seeking systematic reviews 20
Textbox 3.1. Questions to consider during initial reference
interview 34
Textbox 4.1. Information for reporting searches 53
Textbox 4.2. Best practices suggestion 54
Textbox 5.1. Translating a research question into the PICO
framework 73
Textbox 5.2. Translating PICO into a search strategy 74
Textbox 7.1. Framework for case study 1 100
Textbox 7.2. Framework for case study 2 102
Textbox 7.3. Framework for case study 3 106
Textbox 7.4. Framework for case study 4 108
Textbox 7.5. Framework for case study 5 112
Textbox 7.6. Framework for case study 6 114
Textbox 7.7. Framework for case study 7 115
Textbox 7.8. Framework for case study 8 118
Textbox 7.9. Framework for case study 9 121
Textbox 8.1. Process of study selection 127
Textbox 8.2. Key steps involved in critical appraisal 131
Textbox 8.3. Checklist for appraising randomized studies 135
Textbox 8.4. Checklist for appraising surveys 138
Textbox 9.1. Suggested steps for collecting and combining data 148
Textbox 9.2. Explanation of results 159
Tables, Textboxes, and Figures xi
Textbox 10.1. Benefits of reporting guidelines 167
Textbox 10.2. PRISMA guideline and guideline extensions 170
Textbox 10.3. Describing the search strategy 172
Textbox 11.1. Competencies for librarians consulting on
systematic reviews 187
Textbox 11.2. International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors (ICMJE) recommended criteria for
authorship 188
Textbox 11.3. Example of individual librarian–based service 190
Textbox 11.4. Example of team-based service 190
Textbox 11.5. Example of fee-based service 191
Textbox 11.6. Questions to answer when developing the
systematic review service 192
Action
Action Box 1.1. Find three different types of reviews on the
same topic 4
Action Box 2.1. Evaluate a systematic review using AMSTAR 25
Action Box 3.1. Textbox showing example table of reviews 41
Action Box 4.1. Ideal features of data management software 61
Action Box 5.1. Using PRESS to evaluate a search strategy 80
Action Box 6.1. Determining why an article was not retrieved in
a search 95
Action Box 10.1. Searching Google Scholar to identify
discipline-specific reporting guidelines 169
Action Box 11.1. Example of website describing a service 199
Action Box 12.1. Critically appraise a search filter 206
Action Box 12.2. Systematic review on library science topic 211
Librarian’s Corner
LC 6.1. Question: When grey literature is not peer
reviewed 86
LC 8.1. Librarian roles in screening and selecting studies 126
LC 8.2. Librarian roles in critical appraisal 139
LC 9.1. Librarian roles in collecting and combining study
data and explaining the synthesis 148
LC 10.1. Summary of information librarians typically
provide for systematic review documents 176
LC 11.1. Standards that define a librarian’s role
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