.png)
BS 9999:2017 Fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings. Code of practice (Full)
.png)
Tiêu chuẩn BS 9999:2017 An toàn phòng cháy chữa cháy trong thiết kế, quản lý và sử dụng tòa nhà. Quy tắc thực hành
What is BS 9999 about?
BS 9999 is a British standard on codes of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings.
BS 9999 gives recommendations and guidance on the design, management and use of buildings to achieve reasonable standards of fire safety for all people in and around buildings.
BS 9999 also provides recommendations and guidance on the ongoing management of fire safety in a building throughout the entire life cycle of the building, including measures for designers to ensure that the overall design of a building assists and enhances the management of fire safety.
Note: BS 9999 is not applicable to individual dwelling-houses and might have only limited applicability to certain specialist buildings and areas of buildings (e.g. hospitals and areas of lawful detention).
Who is BS 9999 for?
On fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings is relevant to:
Architects
Fire safety engineers
Fire risk assessors
Building control
Installers of fire and smoke alarms, sprinklers, and smoke, and heat control systems
Inspectorate for certification and installation schemes
Why should you use BS 9999?
Fire safety is a set of practices intended to reduce the destruction caused by fire. Fire safety measures include those that are intended to prevent the ignition of an uncontrolled fire and those that are used to limit the development and effects of a fire after it starts.
The recommendations and guidance given in BS 9999 are intended to safeguard the lives of building occupants and fire-fighters. Whilst some of the recommendations and guidance might also assist in the achievement of other fire safety objectives such as protection of property, the environment, communities and business/service viability.
BS 9999 provides recommendations and guidance on the provision of measures to control or mitigate the effects of fire. The primary objective of BS 9999 is to ensure that an adequate standard of life safety can be achieved in the event of fire in the building. A secondary objective is to provide a level of protection for property and businesses against the impact of fire, e.g. in close proximity to residential buildings or as part of the same building or building complex. These measures will help facilitate safety in your surroundings.
What’s changed since the last update?
BS 9999:2017 supersedes BS 9999:2008, which is withdrawn
BS 9999:2017 includes some principal changes with respect to BS 9999:2008. These are:
Inclusion of flowchart showing the sequential steps in the design process, to assist users in the application of the standard
Inclusion of watermist fire suppression systems
Revision of recommendations for smoke and heat control
Addition of recommendations for fire curtain barrier assemblies
Revision of recommendations for shopping complexes
This standard BS 9999:2017 Fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings. Code of practice is classified in these ICS categories:
13.220.01 Protection against fire in general
91.040.01 Buildings in general
This British Standard gives recommendations and guidance on the design, management and use of buildings to achieve reasonable standards of fire safety for all people in and around buildings.
This British Standard is not applicable to the following types of building, which are covered in BS 9991:
dwellings (single-family dwelling houses, self-contained flats or maisonettes);
residential accommodation blocks (e.g. for students or hospital staff), with individual bedrooms and the provision of kitchen/sanitary facilities constructed within a fire compartment;
specialized housing.
It is not applicable to houses of multiple occupancy (HMOs) or buildings in which occupants receive medical care. It might have only limited applicability to certain specialist buildings and areas of buildings (e.g. areas of lawful detention).
This British Standard is applicable to the design of new buildings, and to material alterations, extensions and material change of use of an existing building.
NOTE Attention is drawn to the Building Regulations 2010 [1] and equivalent national variations ([3] to [5]) in respect of the definition of material alterations, extensions and material change of use.
It also provides recommendations and guidance on the ongoing management of fire safety in a building throughout the entire life cycle of the building, including measures for designers to ensure that the overall design of a building assists and enhances the management of fire safety. It can be used as a tool for assessing existing buildings, although fundamental change in line with its recommendations might be limited or not practicable.
The recommendations and guidance given in this British Standard are intended to safeguard the lives of building occupants and fire-fighters. Whilst some of the recommendations and guidance might also assist in the achievement of other fire safety objectives – such as protection of property, the environment, communities and business/service viability – additional measures might be necessary which are outside the scope of this British Standard.
Contents
Foreword x
Section 1: General 1
0 Introduction 1
1 Scope 7
2 Normative references 7
3 Terms and definitions 12
4 General recommendations and background 24
4.1 Basis of design 24
4.2 Variation of recommendations 25
4.3 Property protection and business continuity 25
4.4 Environment 25
4.5 Mixed-use buildings incorporating residential use 26
4.6 Additional recommendations for specific building types/occupancies 26
4.7 Inclusive design 26
Section 2: Risk profiles and assessing risk 28
5 Assessing risk 28
6 Risk profiles 29
6.1 General 29
6.2 Occupancy characteristic 30
6.3 Fire growth rate 30
6.4 Creating the risk profile 32
6.5 Variation of risk profile 33
Section 3: Ensuring effective fire protection 34
7 Ensuring effective fire protection 34
7.1 General 34
7.2 The design stage 34
7.3 The construction stage 35
7.4 The maintenance stage 36
Section 4: Designing for the management of fire risk 37
8 Establishing fire risk management systems 37
8.1 General 37
8.2 Management system levels 37
8.3 Implementing fire risk management strategy 38
8.4 Designing fire risk management into buildings 41
9 Fire safety documentation 42
10 Designing so that a building can be managed 42
10.1 General 43
10.2 Management input 43
10.3 Designing for the management of fire prevention 44
10.4 Designing for the management of fire protection 47
Section 5: Designing means of escape 52
11 Principles of means of escape 52
12 Evacuation strategy 54
12.1 General 54
12.2 Total evacuation 55
12.3 Progressive evacuation 56
BRITISH STANDARD BS 9999:2017
© The British Standards Institution 2017 • i
13 Inter nal subdivision and spatial/visual orientation 56
13.1 Compartments 56
13.2 Open spatial (vertical) planning 57
13.3 Atria 57
13.4 High fire risk areas 57
13.5 Process plant and outdoor structures 57
14 Designing means of escape 58
14.1 General 58
14.2 Acceptable means of escape 61
14.3 Generally unacceptable means of escape 62
15 Minimum package of fire protection 62
15.1 General 62
15.2 Fire detection and fire alarm systems 63
15.3 Voice alarms and public address systems 64
15.4 Artificial and emergency escape lighting 64
15.5 Exit signs 64
15.6 Doors 65
15.7 Protected power circuits 67
15.8 Fire protection of lift installations 71
15.9 Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems 72
15.10 Refuse chutes and storage 72
16 Horizontal means of escape 72
16.1 General 72
16.2 Number of occupants 73
16.3 Layout and number of escape routes and exits 73
16.4 Travel distance 84
16.5 Cellular plan floors 85
16.6 Width of doors, corridors and escape routes 86
16.7 Methods of horizontal escape for disabled people 88
17 Vertical means of escape 88
17.1 General 88
17.2 Design of escape stairs 89
17.3 Number of escape stairs 91
17.4 Width of escape stairs 92
17.5 Basement stairs 93
17.6 Protected stairs 94
17.7 External escape stairs 95
17.8 Methods of vertical escape for disabled people 97
18 Additional fire protection measures 97
18.1 General 97
18.2 Automatic detection and informative warning systems 102
18.3 Effect of ceiling heights 102
18.4 Maximum acceptable variations 103
Section 6: Access and facilities for fire-fighting 105
19 General recommendations for fire-fighting facilities 105
20 Facilities for fire-fighting 106
20.1 Provision and siting of fire-fighting shafts 106
20.2 Layout of fire-fighting shafts 109
20.3 Construction of fire-fighting shafts 114
20.4 Firefighters lifts 117
21 Vehicle access 123
21.1 General 123
21.2 Buildings not fitted with fire mains 123
21.3 Access for high-reach appliances 125
21.4 Buildings fitted with fire mains 125
BRITISH STANDARDBS 9999:2017
ii • © The British Standards Institution 2017
22 Water supplies for fire and rescue service use 127
22.1 Fire mains 127
22.2 Location and access to external water supply 127
23 Communications systems for fire and rescue service use 128
24 Fire control centre 128
25 Fire-fighters’ emergency switches for discharge lighting installation 130
26 Drawings for fire and rescue service use 130
27 Heat and smoke control 131
27.1 Smoke control for fire-fighting shafts 131
27.2 Venting of smoke and heat from basements 138
27.3 Venting of smoke and heat from covered car parks 139
27.4 Smoke and heat ventilation from loading docks and covered service
roadways 139
27.5 Smoke and heat ventilation from protected lobbies and protected
corridors 140
28 Electrical services 140
Section 7: Designing the building structure (load-bearing and non-load-bearing
elements) 142
29 Designing the building structure – General 142
30 Fire resistance 143
30.1 Elements of structure 143
30.2 Minimum levels of fire resistance for elements of structure 144
30.3 Glazed fire-resisting elements 151
30.4 Glazing and the effects of sprinklers 155
31 Compartmentation 155
31.1 Fire resistance of compartments 156
31.2 Size of compartments 157
31.3 Provision of compartmentation 157
31.4 Construction of compartment walls and compartment floors 160
32 Openings 163
32.1 Fire doors 163
32.2 Shutter assemblies 171
32.3 Active fire curtain barrier assemblies 172
32.4 Access panels 172
32.5 Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning systems 172
32.6 Fire-stopping 182
33 Concealed spaces 182
33.1 Provision of cavity barriers 183
33.2 Extensive cavities 186
33.3 Construction and fixings for cavity barriers 188
34 Materials and finishes 189
34.1 Classification and use of internal wall and ceiling linings 189
34.2 Special roof coverings 195
34.3 Insulating core panels 195
35 Exter nal fire spread and building separation 198
35.1 Boundaries 199
35.2 Unprotected area 202
35.3 Degree of separation 204
35.4 Roofs 205
35.5 External fire spread over the external faces of buildings 207
36 Accommodation ancillary to the main use of the building 209
36.1 Engineering services installation rooms 209
BRITISH STANDARD BS 9999:2017
© The British Standards Institution 2017 • iii
36.2 Waste storage and treatment 211
36.3 Storage areas (including receiving and dispatch areas) 211
37 Engineering services 211
37.1 Gas services 211
37.2 Electrical services 212
37.3 Enclosure of engineering services 216
37.4 Lighting 216
37.5 Heating systems 217
37.6 Lifts, escalators, moving walks and goods conveyors 218
37.7 Incinerators 218
Section 8: Special risk protection 219
38 Special risk protection 219
Section 9: Managing occupied buildings 220
39 Commissioning and handover 220
39.1 Management issues 220
39.2 Approvals and certification 221
40 Managing occupied buildings 222
40.1 Appointment of fire safety manager and other personnel 222
40.2 Management organization and structure 222
40.3 Overview of the fire safety manager’s responsibilities 223
40.4 Buildings occupied by more than one organization 225
40.5 Public areas 225
40.6 Tenants, concessionaires and residents 226
40.7 Caretakers 226
40.8 Continuing control and audit procedures 226
40.9 Communications 226
41 Fire prevention 227
41.1 General 227
41.2 Housekeeping 228
41.3 Audience/crowd control 230
41.4 Arson 230
41.5 Conflicts between security and means of escape 230
41.6 Contractors and subcontractors on the premises and hot work 230
41.7 Maintenance of building plant and equipment 231
42 Ensuring that systems respond properly in an emergency 231
42.1 Escape routes 231
42.2 Maintenance of fire safety equipment and provisions 232
43 Planning the response to a fire 233
43.1 General 233
43.2 The fire routine 234
43.3 Provision for people at particular risk 235
43.4 Fire control centre functions 235
43.5 Evacuation management 236
43.6 Test evacuations (fire drills) 237
43.7 False alarms 238
43.8 Contingency planning for business interruption 238
43.9 Protection of building structure, contents, and the environment 239
43.10 Salvage and damage control 239
44 Emergency actions 240
44.1 General 240
44.2 Action on discovery 241
44.3 Warning and evacuation signals 241
44.4 Calling the fire and rescue service 242
44.5 Evacuation procedures 242
BRITISH STANDARDBS 9999:2017
iv • © The British Standards Institution 2017
44.6 Fighting the fire 243
44.7 Receiving the fire and rescue service 244
44.8 Completion of evacuation 244
44.9 Re-entry to the building 244
44.10 After the incident 245
45 Evacuation of disabled people 245
45.1 General 245
45.2 Mobility-impaired people 245
45.3 Wheelchair users 246
45.4 People who are Deaf or hard of hearing 246
45.5 Blind and partially sighted people 246
45.6 People with cognitive disabilities 247
45.7 Use of personal emergency evacuation plans 247
45.8 Use of refuges 248
45.9 Evacuation using lifts 248
45.10 Evacuation using stairways 249
45.11 Test evacuations for people requiring assistance 249
45.12 Fire instructions and training 250
46 Management of fire safety prior to full occupation of a building 250
47 Building works, alterations, decommissioning and demolition 251
47.1 General 252
47.2 Hot work 252
47.3 Change of use of buildings 252
47.4 Units in disuse and areas decommissioned 253
Annexes
Annex A (normative) Additional recommendations for property protection and
business continuity 255
Annex B (normative) Recommendations for atria 260
Annex C (informative) Design solutions and exemplars for atria 271
Annex D (normative) Recommendations for theatres, cinemas and similar
venues 294
Annex E (normative) Recommendations for shopping complexes 305
Annex F (normative) Process plant and outdoor structures 325
Annex G (normative) Recommendations for refuges and evacuation lifts 329
Annex H (normative) Fire safety manual 339
Annex I (normative) Routine inspection and maintenance of fire safety
installations 346
Annex J (normative) Fire control centre and evacuation management 351
Annex K (informative) Fire safety equipment, facilities and systems 353
Annex L (informative) Signs and signage 356
Annex M (normative) Phased evacuation 357
Annex N (informative) Typical arrangements to keep firefighters lift wells free
from water 359
Annex O (normative) Operational information (emergency packs) for the fire
and rescue service 362
Annex P (normative) Commissioning and handover of smoke control
systems 363
Annex Q (normative) Fire safety training 364
Annex R (normative) Control of conditions in public areas 366
Annex S (normative) Recommendations for owners of multi-occupancy
residential buildings 369
Annex T (informative) Examples of fire instruction notice text 371
Annex U (normative) Audience/crowd control 375
Annex V (normative) Hot work 377
Annex W (normative) Routine inspection and maintenance of ventilation and air
conditioning ductwork 378
Annex X (informative) Examples of evacuation strategies 379
BRITISH STANDARD BS 9999:2017
© The British Standards Institution 2017 • v
Bibliography 381
Index 389
List of figures
Figur e 1 – Example of the application of BS 9999 to a typical design process 4
Figur e 2 – Comparison of fire and time line development 52
Figur e 3 – Occupant response and travel time 53
Figur e 4 – Escape route on associated floor areas 58
Figur e 5 – Designing means of escape 59
Figur e 6 – Merging flow at final exit level 68
Figur e 7 – Escape routes 45° or more apart 75
Figur e 8 – Inner room and access room 77
Figur e 9 – Exits in a central core 78
Figure 10 – Dead-end corridors and corridors connecting alternative exits 80
Figure 11 – Recesses off corridors 82
Figure 12 – Extension of corridor beyond a protected stairway 82
Figure 13 – Progressive horizontal evacuation 84
Figure 14 – Measurement of door width 86
Figure 15 – External protection to protected stairways – Configurations of stairs
and external wall 90
Figure 16 – Fire resistance of areas adjacent to external stairs 95
Figure 17 – Process for assessing additional fire protection measures 98
Figure 18 – Hose distances for the location of fire-fighting shafts and additional
riser outlets 108
Figure 19 – Minimum extent of fire-fighting stairs and lifts in tall buildings and
buildings with deep basements 109
Figure 20 – Typical fire-fighting shaft layout at fire and rescue service access
level – Fire and rescue service access at lowest storey 110
Figure 21 – Typical fire-fighting shaft layout at fire and rescue service access
level – Fire and rescue service access directly from open air ground level in a
building with basements 111
Figure 22 – Passenger lifts within a fire-fighting shaft 112
Figure 23 – Protection of the fire-fighting shaft from external fire 115
Figure 24 – Firefighters lift within escape stair 119
Figure 25 – Example of fire-fighting shaft layout for a dual-entry firefighters
lift 120
Figure 26 – Example of building footprint and perimeter 124
Figure 27 – Relationship between building and hard-standing/access road for
high-reach fire appliances 126
Figure 28 – Free area of smoke ventilators 135
Figure 29 – Compartment floors 159
Figure 30 – Junction of a compartment wall with a roof 162
Figure 31 – Ductwork passing through protected routes (Method 2
or Method 3) 174
Figure 32 – Ductwork passing through protected routes (Method 4) 174
Figure 33 – Flues and compartment walls and floors 180
Figure 34 – Enclosure for drainage or water supply pipes 181
Figure 35 – Provisions for cavity barriers 184
Figure 36 – Cavity wall excluded from provisions for cavity barriers 185
Figure 37 – Fire-resisting ceiling below concealed space 186
Figure 38 – Provisions for cavity barriers in double-skinned insulated roof
sheeting 186
Figure 39 – Layout restrictions on Class 3 plastic rooflights, TP(b) rooflights
and TP(b) lighting diffusers 193
Figure 40 – Layout restrictions on small Class 3 plastic rooflights, TP(b) rooflights
and lighting diffusers 193
Figure 41 – Thermoplastic cored internal wall and ceiling panels – Typical
junction 196
Figure 42 – Relevant boundaries 200
BRITISH STANDARDBS 9999:2017
vi • © The British Standards Institution 2017
Figure 43 – Notional boundaries 201
Figure 44 – Combustible surface material as unprotected area 202
Figure 45 – Exclusions from unprotected area calculations 203
Figure 46 – Roof covering adjoining line of compartmentation 206
Figure 47 – Provisions for external surfaces of walls 208
Figure C.1 – Occupancy characteristic and atrium height – Initial decisions 272
Figure C.2 – Occupancy characteristi c A – Atrium height less than 30 m 273
Figure C.3 – Occupancy characteristi c A – Atrium height greater than 30 m 274
Figure C.4 – Exempla r 1 – Occupancy characteristi c A – Atrium height less
than 30 m simultaneous evacuation 275
Figure C.5 – Exempla r 2 – Occupancy characteristi c A – Atrium height less
than 30 m phased evacuation 276
Figure C.6 – Exempla r 3 – Occupancy characteristi c A – Atrium height greater
than 30 m simultaneous evacuation 277
Figure C.7 – Exempla r 4 – Occupancy characteristi c A – Atrium height greater
than 30 m phased evacuation 278
Figure C.8 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height less than 18 m 279
Figure C.9 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height less than 18 m not open
to floor areas 280
Figure C.10 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height greater than 18 m 281
Figure C.11 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium any height greater than 18 m
not open to floor areas 282
Figure C.12 – Exempla r 5 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height less
than 18 m open to floor areas 283
Figure C.13 – Exempla r 6 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height less
than 18 m not open to floor areas, not fire-resisting 284
Figure C.14 – Exempla r 7 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height less
than 18 m not open to floor areas, minimum 30 min fire-resisting 285
Figure C.15 – Exempla r 8 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height greater
than 18 m open to floor areas 286
Figure C.16 – Exempla r 9 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Enclosed atrium of any
height greater than 18 m, not fire-resisting 287
Figure C.17 – Exemplar 10 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Enclosed atrium of any
height greater than 18 m, fire-resisting 288
Figure C.18 – Occupancy characteristic Ciii – Atrium any height 289
Figure C.19 – Occupancy characteristic Ciii – Atrium any height escape through
the atrium 290
Figure C.20 – Exemplar 11 – Occupancy characteristic Ciii – Atrium any height
escape not through atrium 291
Figure C.21 – Exemplar 12 – Occupancy characteristic Ciii – Atrium any height
escape through atrium smoke-separated 292
Figure C.22 – Exemplar 13 – Occupancy characteristic Ciii – Atrium any height
escape through atrium not smoke-separated 293
Figure D.1 – Determination of seatway 295
Figure D.2 – Example illustrating protection of balconies with fixed seating 296
Figure D.3 – Seatway width and number of seats in a row 297
Figure D.4 – Transverse and radial gangways 299
Figure E.1 – Access to floor areas in complexes with top floor level less
than 7.5 m above fire and rescue service access level (without fire main) 310
Figure E.2 – Access to floor areas in complexes with top floor level not greater
than 7.5 m above fire and rescue service access level (with fire main) 311
Figure E.3 – Access to floor areas in complexes with top floor level greater
than 7.5 m above fire and rescue service access level 312
Figure E.4 – Alternative escape routes from units 313
Figure E.5 – Service corridors and goods lifts 315
Figure E.6 – Escape routes across service areas 317
Figure G.1 – Wheelchair spaces in protected stairways 331
Figure G.2 – Examples of refuges in buildings not provided with evacuation
lifts 332
BRITISH STANDARD BS 9999:2017
© The British Standards Institution 2017 • vii
Figure G.3 – Examples of refuges in buildings provided with evacuation
lifts 334
Figure N.1 – Raised threshold to lift entrance 360
Figure N.2 – Drainage grid to lift entrance 360
Figure N.3 – Floor sloped away from lift entrance 361
Figure T.1 – Example of text for a suitable fire instruction notice for use in
multi-occupancy residential buildings 372
Figure T.2 – Example of text for a suitable fire instruction notice for use in
buildings provided with a single-stage alarm system 373
Figure T.3 – Example of text for a suitable fire instruction notice for use in
buildings provided with a two-stage alarm system 374
List of tables
Table 1 – Basic factors in assessing fire risks 29
Table 2 – Occupancy characteristics 30
Table 3 – Fire growth rates 31
Table 4 – Risk profiles 32
Table 5 – Management system levels 38
Table 6 – Key factors of any fire risk management strategy 39
Table 7 – Minimum level of fire detection and fire alarm system for premises 63
Table 8 – Provisions for emergency escape lighting 65
Table 9 – Examples of typical floor space factors 73
Table 10 – Minimum number of escape routes and exits from a room, tier or
storey 74
Table 11 – Maximum travel distance when minimum fire protection measures are
provided 85
Table 12 – Exit widths when minimum fire protection measures are provided 86
Table 13 – Minimum width of escape stairs for simultaneous evacuation 93
Table 14 – Permissible variations in travel distance, door width, corridor width
and stair width with ceiling height 103
Table 15 – Maximum travel distances when additional fire protection measures
are provided 104
Table 16 – Door widths when additional fire protection measures are
provided 104
Table 17 – Provision of fire-fighting facilities 106
Table 18 – Tests for partitions 116
Table 19 – Fire and rescue service vehicle access to buildings (excluding
dwellings) lower than 11 m not fitted with fire mains 123
Table 20 – Example of measurements for a typical vehicle access route 125
Table 21 – Recommendations for natural smoke ventilation of fire-fighting
shafts 134
Table 22 – Minimum fire resistance performance 146
Table 23 – Fire resistance periods for elements of structure (independent of
ventilation conditions) 149
Table 24 – Fire resistance periods for elements of structure (based on the
ventilation conditions given in Table 25) 149
Table 25 – Ventilation conditions for application of Table 24 150
Table 26 – Provisions for fire-protecting suspended ceilings 151
Table 27 – Limitations of non-insulating fire-resisting glazed elements 154
Table 28 – Maximum dimensions of compartments 157
Table 29 – Structural fire protection of areas of ancillary accommodation 164
Table 30 – Provisions for fire doors 167
Table 31 – Maximum nominal interior diameter of pipes passing through a
compartment wall/floor 181
BRITISH STANDARDBS 9999:2017
viii • © The British Standards Institution 2017
Table 32 – Maximum dimensions of cavities in non-domestic buildings 187
Table 33 – Classification of linings 190
Table 34 – Limitations applied to thermoplastic rooflights and lighting diffusers
in suspended ceilings and Class 3 plastic rooflights 192
Table 35 – Small residential unprotected area limits and boundary distances 205
Table 36 – Separation distances for roof coverings 207
Table D.1 – Number of seats in a row 296
Table D.2 – Maximum travel distances 298
Table E.1 – Compartment size limits for shopping complexes 307
Table F.1 – Maximum travel distances for weather housed plant buildings,
weather protected plant and external plant 327
LINK 3 - TÌM KIẾM SÁCH/TÀI LIỆU ONLINE (GIÁ ƯU ĐÃI NHẤT)
LINK 4 - TÌM KIẾM SÁCH/TÀI LIỆU ONLINE (GIÁ ƯU ĐÃI NHẤT)
Tiêu chuẩn BS 9999:2017 An toàn phòng cháy chữa cháy trong thiết kế, quản lý và sử dụng tòa nhà. Quy tắc thực hành
What is BS 9999 about?
BS 9999 is a British standard on codes of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings.
BS 9999 gives recommendations and guidance on the design, management and use of buildings to achieve reasonable standards of fire safety for all people in and around buildings.
BS 9999 also provides recommendations and guidance on the ongoing management of fire safety in a building throughout the entire life cycle of the building, including measures for designers to ensure that the overall design of a building assists and enhances the management of fire safety.
Note: BS 9999 is not applicable to individual dwelling-houses and might have only limited applicability to certain specialist buildings and areas of buildings (e.g. hospitals and areas of lawful detention).
Who is BS 9999 for?
On fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings is relevant to:
Architects
Fire safety engineers
Fire risk assessors
Building control
Installers of fire and smoke alarms, sprinklers, and smoke, and heat control systems
Inspectorate for certification and installation schemes
Why should you use BS 9999?
Fire safety is a set of practices intended to reduce the destruction caused by fire. Fire safety measures include those that are intended to prevent the ignition of an uncontrolled fire and those that are used to limit the development and effects of a fire after it starts.
The recommendations and guidance given in BS 9999 are intended to safeguard the lives of building occupants and fire-fighters. Whilst some of the recommendations and guidance might also assist in the achievement of other fire safety objectives such as protection of property, the environment, communities and business/service viability.
BS 9999 provides recommendations and guidance on the provision of measures to control or mitigate the effects of fire. The primary objective of BS 9999 is to ensure that an adequate standard of life safety can be achieved in the event of fire in the building. A secondary objective is to provide a level of protection for property and businesses against the impact of fire, e.g. in close proximity to residential buildings or as part of the same building or building complex. These measures will help facilitate safety in your surroundings.
What’s changed since the last update?
BS 9999:2017 supersedes BS 9999:2008, which is withdrawn
BS 9999:2017 includes some principal changes with respect to BS 9999:2008. These are:
Inclusion of flowchart showing the sequential steps in the design process, to assist users in the application of the standard
Inclusion of watermist fire suppression systems
Revision of recommendations for smoke and heat control
Addition of recommendations for fire curtain barrier assemblies
Revision of recommendations for shopping complexes
This standard BS 9999:2017 Fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings. Code of practice is classified in these ICS categories:
13.220.01 Protection against fire in general
91.040.01 Buildings in general
This British Standard gives recommendations and guidance on the design, management and use of buildings to achieve reasonable standards of fire safety for all people in and around buildings.
This British Standard is not applicable to the following types of building, which are covered in BS 9991:
dwellings (single-family dwelling houses, self-contained flats or maisonettes);
residential accommodation blocks (e.g. for students or hospital staff), with individual bedrooms and the provision of kitchen/sanitary facilities constructed within a fire compartment;
specialized housing.
It is not applicable to houses of multiple occupancy (HMOs) or buildings in which occupants receive medical care. It might have only limited applicability to certain specialist buildings and areas of buildings (e.g. areas of lawful detention).
This British Standard is applicable to the design of new buildings, and to material alterations, extensions and material change of use of an existing building.
NOTE Attention is drawn to the Building Regulations 2010 [1] and equivalent national variations ([3] to [5]) in respect of the definition of material alterations, extensions and material change of use.
It also provides recommendations and guidance on the ongoing management of fire safety in a building throughout the entire life cycle of the building, including measures for designers to ensure that the overall design of a building assists and enhances the management of fire safety. It can be used as a tool for assessing existing buildings, although fundamental change in line with its recommendations might be limited or not practicable.
The recommendations and guidance given in this British Standard are intended to safeguard the lives of building occupants and fire-fighters. Whilst some of the recommendations and guidance might also assist in the achievement of other fire safety objectives – such as protection of property, the environment, communities and business/service viability – additional measures might be necessary which are outside the scope of this British Standard.
Contents
Foreword x
Section 1: General 1
0 Introduction 1
1 Scope 7
2 Normative references 7
3 Terms and definitions 12
4 General recommendations and background 24
4.1 Basis of design 24
4.2 Variation of recommendations 25
4.3 Property protection and business continuity 25
4.4 Environment 25
4.5 Mixed-use buildings incorporating residential use 26
4.6 Additional recommendations for specific building types/occupancies 26
4.7 Inclusive design 26
Section 2: Risk profiles and assessing risk 28
5 Assessing risk 28
6 Risk profiles 29
6.1 General 29
6.2 Occupancy characteristic 30
6.3 Fire growth rate 30
6.4 Creating the risk profile 32
6.5 Variation of risk profile 33
Section 3: Ensuring effective fire protection 34
7 Ensuring effective fire protection 34
7.1 General 34
7.2 The design stage 34
7.3 The construction stage 35
7.4 The maintenance stage 36
Section 4: Designing for the management of fire risk 37
8 Establishing fire risk management systems 37
8.1 General 37
8.2 Management system levels 37
8.3 Implementing fire risk management strategy 38
8.4 Designing fire risk management into buildings 41
9 Fire safety documentation 42
10 Designing so that a building can be managed 42
10.1 General 43
10.2 Management input 43
10.3 Designing for the management of fire prevention 44
10.4 Designing for the management of fire protection 47
Section 5: Designing means of escape 52
11 Principles of means of escape 52
12 Evacuation strategy 54
12.1 General 54
12.2 Total evacuation 55
12.3 Progressive evacuation 56
BRITISH STANDARD BS 9999:2017
© The British Standards Institution 2017 • i
13 Inter nal subdivision and spatial/visual orientation 56
13.1 Compartments 56
13.2 Open spatial (vertical) planning 57
13.3 Atria 57
13.4 High fire risk areas 57
13.5 Process plant and outdoor structures 57
14 Designing means of escape 58
14.1 General 58
14.2 Acceptable means of escape 61
14.3 Generally unacceptable means of escape 62
15 Minimum package of fire protection 62
15.1 General 62
15.2 Fire detection and fire alarm systems 63
15.3 Voice alarms and public address systems 64
15.4 Artificial and emergency escape lighting 64
15.5 Exit signs 64
15.6 Doors 65
15.7 Protected power circuits 67
15.8 Fire protection of lift installations 71
15.9 Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems 72
15.10 Refuse chutes and storage 72
16 Horizontal means of escape 72
16.1 General 72
16.2 Number of occupants 73
16.3 Layout and number of escape routes and exits 73
16.4 Travel distance 84
16.5 Cellular plan floors 85
16.6 Width of doors, corridors and escape routes 86
16.7 Methods of horizontal escape for disabled people 88
17 Vertical means of escape 88
17.1 General 88
17.2 Design of escape stairs 89
17.3 Number of escape stairs 91
17.4 Width of escape stairs 92
17.5 Basement stairs 93
17.6 Protected stairs 94
17.7 External escape stairs 95
17.8 Methods of vertical escape for disabled people 97
18 Additional fire protection measures 97
18.1 General 97
18.2 Automatic detection and informative warning systems 102
18.3 Effect of ceiling heights 102
18.4 Maximum acceptable variations 103
Section 6: Access and facilities for fire-fighting 105
19 General recommendations for fire-fighting facilities 105
20 Facilities for fire-fighting 106
20.1 Provision and siting of fire-fighting shafts 106
20.2 Layout of fire-fighting shafts 109
20.3 Construction of fire-fighting shafts 114
20.4 Firefighters lifts 117
21 Vehicle access 123
21.1 General 123
21.2 Buildings not fitted with fire mains 123
21.3 Access for high-reach appliances 125
21.4 Buildings fitted with fire mains 125
BRITISH STANDARDBS 9999:2017
ii • © The British Standards Institution 2017
22 Water supplies for fire and rescue service use 127
22.1 Fire mains 127
22.2 Location and access to external water supply 127
23 Communications systems for fire and rescue service use 128
24 Fire control centre 128
25 Fire-fighters’ emergency switches for discharge lighting installation 130
26 Drawings for fire and rescue service use 130
27 Heat and smoke control 131
27.1 Smoke control for fire-fighting shafts 131
27.2 Venting of smoke and heat from basements 138
27.3 Venting of smoke and heat from covered car parks 139
27.4 Smoke and heat ventilation from loading docks and covered service
roadways 139
27.5 Smoke and heat ventilation from protected lobbies and protected
corridors 140
28 Electrical services 140
Section 7: Designing the building structure (load-bearing and non-load-bearing
elements) 142
29 Designing the building structure – General 142
30 Fire resistance 143
30.1 Elements of structure 143
30.2 Minimum levels of fire resistance for elements of structure 144
30.3 Glazed fire-resisting elements 151
30.4 Glazing and the effects of sprinklers 155
31 Compartmentation 155
31.1 Fire resistance of compartments 156
31.2 Size of compartments 157
31.3 Provision of compartmentation 157
31.4 Construction of compartment walls and compartment floors 160
32 Openings 163
32.1 Fire doors 163
32.2 Shutter assemblies 171
32.3 Active fire curtain barrier assemblies 172
32.4 Access panels 172
32.5 Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning systems 172
32.6 Fire-stopping 182
33 Concealed spaces 182
33.1 Provision of cavity barriers 183
33.2 Extensive cavities 186
33.3 Construction and fixings for cavity barriers 188
34 Materials and finishes 189
34.1 Classification and use of internal wall and ceiling linings 189
34.2 Special roof coverings 195
34.3 Insulating core panels 195
35 Exter nal fire spread and building separation 198
35.1 Boundaries 199
35.2 Unprotected area 202
35.3 Degree of separation 204
35.4 Roofs 205
35.5 External fire spread over the external faces of buildings 207
36 Accommodation ancillary to the main use of the building 209
36.1 Engineering services installation rooms 209
BRITISH STANDARD BS 9999:2017
© The British Standards Institution 2017 • iii
36.2 Waste storage and treatment 211
36.3 Storage areas (including receiving and dispatch areas) 211
37 Engineering services 211
37.1 Gas services 211
37.2 Electrical services 212
37.3 Enclosure of engineering services 216
37.4 Lighting 216
37.5 Heating systems 217
37.6 Lifts, escalators, moving walks and goods conveyors 218
37.7 Incinerators 218
Section 8: Special risk protection 219
38 Special risk protection 219
Section 9: Managing occupied buildings 220
39 Commissioning and handover 220
39.1 Management issues 220
39.2 Approvals and certification 221
40 Managing occupied buildings 222
40.1 Appointment of fire safety manager and other personnel 222
40.2 Management organization and structure 222
40.3 Overview of the fire safety manager’s responsibilities 223
40.4 Buildings occupied by more than one organization 225
40.5 Public areas 225
40.6 Tenants, concessionaires and residents 226
40.7 Caretakers 226
40.8 Continuing control and audit procedures 226
40.9 Communications 226
41 Fire prevention 227
41.1 General 227
41.2 Housekeeping 228
41.3 Audience/crowd control 230
41.4 Arson 230
41.5 Conflicts between security and means of escape 230
41.6 Contractors and subcontractors on the premises and hot work 230
41.7 Maintenance of building plant and equipment 231
42 Ensuring that systems respond properly in an emergency 231
42.1 Escape routes 231
42.2 Maintenance of fire safety equipment and provisions 232
43 Planning the response to a fire 233
43.1 General 233
43.2 The fire routine 234
43.3 Provision for people at particular risk 235
43.4 Fire control centre functions 235
43.5 Evacuation management 236
43.6 Test evacuations (fire drills) 237
43.7 False alarms 238
43.8 Contingency planning for business interruption 238
43.9 Protection of building structure, contents, and the environment 239
43.10 Salvage and damage control 239
44 Emergency actions 240
44.1 General 240
44.2 Action on discovery 241
44.3 Warning and evacuation signals 241
44.4 Calling the fire and rescue service 242
44.5 Evacuation procedures 242
BRITISH STANDARDBS 9999:2017
iv • © The British Standards Institution 2017
44.6 Fighting the fire 243
44.7 Receiving the fire and rescue service 244
44.8 Completion of evacuation 244
44.9 Re-entry to the building 244
44.10 After the incident 245
45 Evacuation of disabled people 245
45.1 General 245
45.2 Mobility-impaired people 245
45.3 Wheelchair users 246
45.4 People who are Deaf or hard of hearing 246
45.5 Blind and partially sighted people 246
45.6 People with cognitive disabilities 247
45.7 Use of personal emergency evacuation plans 247
45.8 Use of refuges 248
45.9 Evacuation using lifts 248
45.10 Evacuation using stairways 249
45.11 Test evacuations for people requiring assistance 249
45.12 Fire instructions and training 250
46 Management of fire safety prior to full occupation of a building 250
47 Building works, alterations, decommissioning and demolition 251
47.1 General 252
47.2 Hot work 252
47.3 Change of use of buildings 252
47.4 Units in disuse and areas decommissioned 253
Annexes
Annex A (normative) Additional recommendations for property protection and
business continuity 255
Annex B (normative) Recommendations for atria 260
Annex C (informative) Design solutions and exemplars for atria 271
Annex D (normative) Recommendations for theatres, cinemas and similar
venues 294
Annex E (normative) Recommendations for shopping complexes 305
Annex F (normative) Process plant and outdoor structures 325
Annex G (normative) Recommendations for refuges and evacuation lifts 329
Annex H (normative) Fire safety manual 339
Annex I (normative) Routine inspection and maintenance of fire safety
installations 346
Annex J (normative) Fire control centre and evacuation management 351
Annex K (informative) Fire safety equipment, facilities and systems 353
Annex L (informative) Signs and signage 356
Annex M (normative) Phased evacuation 357
Annex N (informative) Typical arrangements to keep firefighters lift wells free
from water 359
Annex O (normative) Operational information (emergency packs) for the fire
and rescue service 362
Annex P (normative) Commissioning and handover of smoke control
systems 363
Annex Q (normative) Fire safety training 364
Annex R (normative) Control of conditions in public areas 366
Annex S (normative) Recommendations for owners of multi-occupancy
residential buildings 369
Annex T (informative) Examples of fire instruction notice text 371
Annex U (normative) Audience/crowd control 375
Annex V (normative) Hot work 377
Annex W (normative) Routine inspection and maintenance of ventilation and air
conditioning ductwork 378
Annex X (informative) Examples of evacuation strategies 379
BRITISH STANDARD BS 9999:2017
© The British Standards Institution 2017 • v
Bibliography 381
Index 389
List of figures
Figur e 1 – Example of the application of BS 9999 to a typical design process 4
Figur e 2 – Comparison of fire and time line development 52
Figur e 3 – Occupant response and travel time 53
Figur e 4 – Escape route on associated floor areas 58
Figur e 5 – Designing means of escape 59
Figur e 6 – Merging flow at final exit level 68
Figur e 7 – Escape routes 45° or more apart 75
Figur e 8 – Inner room and access room 77
Figur e 9 – Exits in a central core 78
Figure 10 – Dead-end corridors and corridors connecting alternative exits 80
Figure 11 – Recesses off corridors 82
Figure 12 – Extension of corridor beyond a protected stairway 82
Figure 13 – Progressive horizontal evacuation 84
Figure 14 – Measurement of door width 86
Figure 15 – External protection to protected stairways – Configurations of stairs
and external wall 90
Figure 16 – Fire resistance of areas adjacent to external stairs 95
Figure 17 – Process for assessing additional fire protection measures 98
Figure 18 – Hose distances for the location of fire-fighting shafts and additional
riser outlets 108
Figure 19 – Minimum extent of fire-fighting stairs and lifts in tall buildings and
buildings with deep basements 109
Figure 20 – Typical fire-fighting shaft layout at fire and rescue service access
level – Fire and rescue service access at lowest storey 110
Figure 21 – Typical fire-fighting shaft layout at fire and rescue service access
level – Fire and rescue service access directly from open air ground level in a
building with basements 111
Figure 22 – Passenger lifts within a fire-fighting shaft 112
Figure 23 – Protection of the fire-fighting shaft from external fire 115
Figure 24 – Firefighters lift within escape stair 119
Figure 25 – Example of fire-fighting shaft layout for a dual-entry firefighters
lift 120
Figure 26 – Example of building footprint and perimeter 124
Figure 27 – Relationship between building and hard-standing/access road for
high-reach fire appliances 126
Figure 28 – Free area of smoke ventilators 135
Figure 29 – Compartment floors 159
Figure 30 – Junction of a compartment wall with a roof 162
Figure 31 – Ductwork passing through protected routes (Method 2
or Method 3) 174
Figure 32 – Ductwork passing through protected routes (Method 4) 174
Figure 33 – Flues and compartment walls and floors 180
Figure 34 – Enclosure for drainage or water supply pipes 181
Figure 35 – Provisions for cavity barriers 184
Figure 36 – Cavity wall excluded from provisions for cavity barriers 185
Figure 37 – Fire-resisting ceiling below concealed space 186
Figure 38 – Provisions for cavity barriers in double-skinned insulated roof
sheeting 186
Figure 39 – Layout restrictions on Class 3 plastic rooflights, TP(b) rooflights
and TP(b) lighting diffusers 193
Figure 40 – Layout restrictions on small Class 3 plastic rooflights, TP(b) rooflights
and lighting diffusers 193
Figure 41 – Thermoplastic cored internal wall and ceiling panels – Typical
junction 196
Figure 42 – Relevant boundaries 200
BRITISH STANDARDBS 9999:2017
vi • © The British Standards Institution 2017
Figure 43 – Notional boundaries 201
Figure 44 – Combustible surface material as unprotected area 202
Figure 45 – Exclusions from unprotected area calculations 203
Figure 46 – Roof covering adjoining line of compartmentation 206
Figure 47 – Provisions for external surfaces of walls 208
Figure C.1 – Occupancy characteristic and atrium height – Initial decisions 272
Figure C.2 – Occupancy characteristi c A – Atrium height less than 30 m 273
Figure C.3 – Occupancy characteristi c A – Atrium height greater than 30 m 274
Figure C.4 – Exempla r 1 – Occupancy characteristi c A – Atrium height less
than 30 m simultaneous evacuation 275
Figure C.5 – Exempla r 2 – Occupancy characteristi c A – Atrium height less
than 30 m phased evacuation 276
Figure C.6 – Exempla r 3 – Occupancy characteristi c A – Atrium height greater
than 30 m simultaneous evacuation 277
Figure C.7 – Exempla r 4 – Occupancy characteristi c A – Atrium height greater
than 30 m phased evacuation 278
Figure C.8 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height less than 18 m 279
Figure C.9 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height less than 18 m not open
to floor areas 280
Figure C.10 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height greater than 18 m 281
Figure C.11 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium any height greater than 18 m
not open to floor areas 282
Figure C.12 – Exempla r 5 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height less
than 18 m open to floor areas 283
Figure C.13 – Exempla r 6 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height less
than 18 m not open to floor areas, not fire-resisting 284
Figure C.14 – Exempla r 7 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height less
than 18 m not open to floor areas, minimum 30 min fire-resisting 285
Figure C.15 – Exempla r 8 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Atrium height greater
than 18 m open to floor areas 286
Figure C.16 – Exempla r 9 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Enclosed atrium of any
height greater than 18 m, not fire-resisting 287
Figure C.17 – Exemplar 10 – Occupancy characteristi c B – Enclosed atrium of any
height greater than 18 m, fire-resisting 288
Figure C.18 – Occupancy characteristic Ciii – Atrium any height 289
Figure C.19 – Occupancy characteristic Ciii – Atrium any height escape through
the atrium 290
Figure C.20 – Exemplar 11 – Occupancy characteristic Ciii – Atrium any height
escape not through atrium 291
Figure C.21 – Exemplar 12 – Occupancy characteristic Ciii – Atrium any height
escape through atrium smoke-separated 292
Figure C.22 – Exemplar 13 – Occupancy characteristic Ciii – Atrium any height
escape through atrium not smoke-separated 293
Figure D.1 – Determination of seatway 295
Figure D.2 – Example illustrating protection of balconies with fixed seating 296
Figure D.3 – Seatway width and number of seats in a row 297
Figure D.4 – Transverse and radial gangways 299
Figure E.1 – Access to floor areas in complexes with top floor level less
than 7.5 m above fire and rescue service access level (without fire main) 310
Figure E.2 – Access to floor areas in complexes with top floor level not greater
than 7.5 m above fire and rescue service access level (with fire main) 311
Figure E.3 – Access to floor areas in complexes with top floor level greater
than 7.5 m above fire and rescue service access level 312
Figure E.4 – Alternative escape routes from units 313
Figure E.5 – Service corridors and goods lifts 315
Figure E.6 – Escape routes across service areas 317
Figure G.1 – Wheelchair spaces in protected stairways 331
Figure G.2 – Examples of refuges in buildings not provided with evacuation
lifts 332
BRITISH STANDARD BS 9999:2017
© The British Standards Institution 2017 • vii
Figure G.3 – Examples of refuges in buildings provided with evacuation
lifts 334
Figure N.1 – Raised threshold to lift entrance 360
Figure N.2 – Drainage grid to lift entrance 360
Figure N.3 – Floor sloped away from lift entrance 361
Figure T.1 – Example of text for a suitable fire instruction notice for use in
multi-occupancy residential buildings 372
Figure T.2 – Example of text for a suitable fire instruction notice for use in
buildings provided with a single-stage alarm system 373
Figure T.3 – Example of text for a suitable fire instruction notice for use in
buildings provided with a two-stage alarm system 374
List of tables
Table 1 – Basic factors in assessing fire risks 29
Table 2 – Occupancy characteristics 30
Table 3 – Fire growth rates 31
Table 4 – Risk profiles 32
Table 5 – Management system levels 38
Table 6 – Key factors of any fire risk management strategy 39
Table 7 – Minimum level of fire detection and fire alarm system for premises 63
Table 8 – Provisions for emergency escape lighting 65
Table 9 – Examples of typical floor space factors 73
Table 10 – Minimum number of escape routes and exits from a room, tier or
storey 74
Table 11 – Maximum travel distance when minimum fire protection measures are
provided 85
Table 12 – Exit widths when minimum fire protection measures are provided 86
Table 13 – Minimum width of escape stairs for simultaneous evacuation 93
Table 14 – Permissible variations in travel distance, door width, corridor width
and stair width with ceiling height 103
Table 15 – Maximum travel distances when additional fire protection measures
are provided 104
Table 16 – Door widths when additional fire protection measures are
provided 104
Table 17 – Provision of fire-fighting facilities 106
Table 18 – Tests for partitions 116
Table 19 – Fire and rescue service vehicle access to buildings (excluding
dwellings) lower than 11 m not fitted with fire mains 123
Table 20 – Example of measurements for a typical vehicle access route 125
Table 21 – Recommendations for natural smoke ventilation of fire-fighting
shafts 134
Table 22 – Minimum fire resistance performance 146
Table 23 – Fire resistance periods for elements of structure (independent of
ventilation conditions) 149
Table 24 – Fire resistance periods for elements of structure (based on the
ventilation conditions given in Table 25) 149
Table 25 – Ventilation conditions for application of Table 24 150
Table 26 – Provisions for fire-protecting suspended ceilings 151
Table 27 – Limitations of non-insulating fire-resisting glazed elements 154
Table 28 – Maximum dimensions of compartments 157
Table 29 – Structural fire protection of areas of ancillary accommodation 164
Table 30 – Provisions for fire doors 167
Table 31 – Maximum nominal interior diameter of pipes passing through a
compartment wall/floor 181
BRITISH STANDARDBS 9999:2017
viii • © The British Standards Institution 2017
Table 32 – Maximum dimensions of cavities in non-domestic buildings 187
Table 33 – Classification of linings 190
Table 34 – Limitations applied to thermoplastic rooflights and lighting diffusers
in suspended ceilings and Class 3 plastic rooflights 192
Table 35 – Small residential unprotected area limits and boundary distances 205
Table 36 – Separation distances for roof coverings 207
Table D.1 – Number of seats in a row 296
Table D.2 – Maximum travel distances 298
Table E.1 – Compartment size limits for shopping complexes 307
Table F.1 – Maximum travel distances for weather housed plant buildings,
weather protected plant and external plant 327
LINK 3 - TÌM KIẾM SÁCH/TÀI LIỆU ONLINE (GIÁ ƯU ĐÃI NHẤT)
LINK 4 - TÌM KIẾM SÁCH/TÀI LIỆU ONLINE (GIÁ ƯU ĐÃI NHẤT)
%20(1).png "Hướng dẫn download ti liệu")
.png "Hướng dẫn download ti liệu")
%20(1).png "Gói VIP Member EBOOKBKMT - Hỗ trợ tài liệu nhanh nhất, không giới hạn (Update 2024)")
.png "Tìm hiểu cấu tạo và nguyên lý hoạt động của máy cấp khí tươi, gió tươi")
.png "SÁCH - Xây nhà - Ngàn điều cần biết (Full)")
Không có nhận xét nào: