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EBOOK - WI-FI 6 - Protocol and Network - Full Edition (Susinder R. Gulasckaran)
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WI-FI 6 - Giao thức và Mạng (Susinder R. Gulasckaran)
"With more than 15 billion Wi-Fi enabled devices, Wi-Fi has proven itself as a technology that has successfully evolved over the past 25 years. The need for high-speed connectivity is growing, as Wi-Fi has evolved into a fundamental utility that is expected to be available everywhere. This comprehensive resource covers six generations of Wi-Fi standards including protocol, implementation, and network deployment for both residential and enterprise environments. It will provide readers with a new understanding of how to approach and debug basic Wi-Fi problems, and will grant those wondering whether to pick 5G or Wi-Fi 6 for their product the clarity needed to make an informed decision. Readers will find in-depth coverage of Wi-Fi encryption and authentication methods, including explorations of recently uncovered security vulnerabilities and how to fix them. This book also provides detailed information on the implementation of Wi-Fi, including common regulatory and certification requirements, as well its associated challenges. This book also provides direction on the placement of Wi-Fi access points in indoor locations. It introduces the most recent Wi-Fi 6E certification, which defines requirements for devices operating on the newly opened 6 GHz band. Wi-Fi 6 is then compared with 5G technology, and this resource provides insight into the benefits of each as well as how these two technologies can be used to complement each other." --
CONTENTS:
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 IEEE Standardization Process 2
1.2 Wi-Fi Alliance 3
1.3 Spectrum 5
1.4 Outline of Chapters 5
Chapter 2 Wi-Fi 1 to 5 Overview 7
2.1 MAC Layer Overview 8
2.1.1 Network Architecture 8
2.1.2 MAC Frame Format and Types 10
2.1.3 Medium Access Rules 12
2.1.4 AP Discovery Process 18
2.1.5 Connection Establishment and Termination 19
2.1.6 Off-Channel Scanning 20
2.1.7 Quality of Service 21
2.1.8 Fragmentation and Aggregation 23
2.1.9 STA Power Save Methods 26
2.1.10 Multicast Traffic 32
2.1.11 STA Roaming 32
2.1.12 AP Channel Switching 34
2.2 PHY Layer Overview 34
2.2.1 Wi-Fi Generation 1 (802.11b) 35
2.2.2 Wi-Fi Generation 2 (802.11a) 37
vii
viii Contents
2.2.3 Wi-Fi Generation 3 (802.11g) 39
2.2.4 Wi-Fi Generation 4 (802.11n) 39
2.2.5 Wi-Fi Generation 5 (802.11ac) 44
2.3 References 49
Chapter 3 Wi-Fi 6 51
3.1 HE PPDU Formats 52
3.1.1 Long OFDM Symbol 53
3.1.2 GI and HE LTF 54
3.2 Single User Operation 54
3.2.1 Coding and Modulation 54
3.2.2 Dual Carrier Modulation 55
3.2.3 HE TxBf and Channel Sounding 55
3.2.4 Midamble 57
3.2.5 Multi-TID AMPDU 58
3.2.6 Blockack Length 58
3.2.7 Aggregation Limits 59
3.2.8 Duration-based RTS-CTS 59
3.3 Multiuser Operation 60
3.3.1 OFDMA Resource Unit Allocation 60
3.3.2 Downlink MU Operation 61
3.3.3 Uplink MU Operation 63
3.3.4 Trigger Frame Types 68
3.3.5 Buffer Status Report 71
3.3.6 MU EDCA 74
3.4 Target Wake Time 75
3.4.1 TWT Agreement Setup 76
3.4.2 Types of TWT Agreements 77
3.4.3 TWT Summary 78
3.5 BSS Coloring 79
3.5.1 BSS Color Collision 80
3.5.2 BSS Color Change Announcement 81
3.6 Spatial Reuse 81
3.6.1 OBSS PD-based SR 81
3.6.2 PSR-based SR 84
3.6.3 Practical Challenges in SR 85
3.7 Enhanced Multi-BSSID Advertisement 86
3.7.1 Profile Periodicity 88
Contents ix
3.8 Preamble puncturing 88
3.9 Operating Mode Indication 89
3.10 HE Capability Advertisement 90
3.11 When to do SU, MU-MIMO and MU-OFDMA 90
3.11.1 Examples 93
3.12 References 101
Chapter 4 Wi-Fi Security 103
4.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy 104
4.1.1 WEP Authentication 104
4.1.2 WEP Encryption 104
4.1.3 WEP Vulnerabilities 105
4.2 Wi-Fi Protected Access 106
4.2.1 WPA Personal 106
4.2.2 WPA Enterprise 108
4.2.3 WPA Encryption 109
4.2.4 Message Integrity Check 109
4.3 WPA2 110
4.3.1 WPA2 Authentication 110
4.3.2 WPA2 Encryption 110
4.3.3 Message Integrity Check 111
4.3.4 PMK Caching 111
4.3.5 Opportunistic Key Caching 112
4.3.6 Fast BSS Transition 112
4.3.7 Protected Management Frames 112
4.3.8 Wi-Fi Protected Setup 113
4.4 Key Reinstallation Attack 114
4.5 WPA3 114
4.5.1 WPA3 Authentication 115
4.5.2 WPA3 Encryption 117
4.5.3 WPA3 Transition Mode 117
4.5.4 Device Provisioning Protocol 117
4.5.5 Opportunistic Wireless Encryption 118
4.6 Multichannel Man-in-the-Middle 119
4.6.1 Operation Channel Validation 120
4.6.2 Beacon Protection 121
4.7 Fragmentation and Aggregation Attacks 121
4.8 Rogue AP Detection 122
x Contents
4.9 Summary 123
4.10 References 124
Chapter 5 Wi-Fi Implementation 127
5.1 Hardware 127
5.1.1 Radio Requirements 129
5.1.2 Host Processor 136
5.1.3 Memory Size 137
5.2 Software 138
5.2.1 Rate Adaptation 138
5.2.2 Scheduler 140
5.2.3 Buffer management 141
5.2.4 Packet Processing Speed 142
5.2.5 Channel Selection 143
5.2.6 STA Roaming Algorithm 144
5.2.7 STA Power Save Algorithm 145
5.2.8 Capability Advertisements 145
5.3 Regulatory Requirements 146
5.3.1 Allowed Channel Frequencies 146
5.3.2 In-Band Power and Out-of-Band Emission Limits 147
5.3.3 Dynamic Frequency Selection 150
5.4 Wi-Fi Certifications 152
5.5 References 155
Chapter 6 Wi-Fi 6E 157
6.1 6-GHz Channelization 158
6.2 AP Discovery 158
6.2.1 Minimizing Probe Traffic 159
6.2.2 Out-of-Band Discovery of a 6-GHz AP 160
6.2.3 Fast Passive Scanning of a 6-GHz Only AP 161
6.3 EMA support in 6 GHz 161
6.4 Security Modes in 6 GHz 162
6.5 Beacon Advertisement and PHY Rates in 6 GHz 162
6.6 On Channel Tunneling 163
6.7 Fast Initial Link Setup 164
6.7.1 FILS and Fast BSS Transition 166
6.8 6-GHz Regulatory Requirements 167
6.8.1 FCC 167
6.8.2 ETSI 170
Contents xi
6.9 Wi-Fi 6E Certification 170
6.10 Wi-Fi 6E Implementation Challenges 170
6.11 160-MHz Multiple AP Deployment in 6 GHz 171
6.12 References 173
Chapter 7 Wi-Fi Deployment 175
7.1 Residential Wi-Fi Deployment 175
7.1.1 Mesh 176
7.1.2 AP Placement 177
7.1.3 Channel Bandwidth Selection 177
7.2 Enterprise Indoor Wi-Fi Deployment 178
7.2.1 Power over Ethernet 178
7.2.2 Choosing AP Specification 179
7.2.3 Channel Bandwidth Selection 180
7.2.4 Estimating the Number of APs 183
7.2.5 Mitigating Inter-AP Interference 189
7.2.6 Upgrading Existing Deployment 190
7.2.7 Reducing Overhead in High-Density Deployments 191
7.3 Outdoor Wi-Fi Deployment 191
7.4 Post Deployment Site Survey 192
7.5 References 193
Chapter 8 5G Overview and Wi-Fi Comparison 195
8.1 Evolution of Cellular Technologies (1G-4G) 197
8.1.1 First Generation Cellular Technologies 197
8.1.2 Second Generation Cellular Technologies 197
8.1.3 Third Generation Cellular Technologies 198
8.1.4 Fourth Generation Cellular Technologies 199
8.2 Fifth Generation Cellular Technology 199
8.3 Comparison with Wi-Fi 203
8.3.1 Technology 203
8.3.2 Security 204
8.3.3 Ease of Deployment 204
8.3.4 Total Cost of Ownership 204
8.3.5 Use Cases 205
8.4 Summary 206
8.5 References 207
Chapter 9 Conclusion 209
xii Contents
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 211
About the Authors 221
Index
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EBOOK - WI-FI 6 - Protocol and Network (Susinder R. Gulasckaran) 2021.
WI-FI 6 - Giao thức và Mạng (Susinder R. Gulasckaran)
"With more than 15 billion Wi-Fi enabled devices, Wi-Fi has proven itself as a technology that has successfully evolved over the past 25 years. The need for high-speed connectivity is growing, as Wi-Fi has evolved into a fundamental utility that is expected to be available everywhere. This comprehensive resource covers six generations of Wi-Fi standards including protocol, implementation, and network deployment for both residential and enterprise environments. It will provide readers with a new understanding of how to approach and debug basic Wi-Fi problems, and will grant those wondering whether to pick 5G or Wi-Fi 6 for their product the clarity needed to make an informed decision. Readers will find in-depth coverage of Wi-Fi encryption and authentication methods, including explorations of recently uncovered security vulnerabilities and how to fix them. This book also provides detailed information on the implementation of Wi-Fi, including common regulatory and certification requirements, as well its associated challenges. This book also provides direction on the placement of Wi-Fi access points in indoor locations. It introduces the most recent Wi-Fi 6E certification, which defines requirements for devices operating on the newly opened 6 GHz band. Wi-Fi 6 is then compared with 5G technology, and this resource provides insight into the benefits of each as well as how these two technologies can be used to complement each other." --
CONTENTS:
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 IEEE Standardization Process 2
1.2 Wi-Fi Alliance 3
1.3 Spectrum 5
1.4 Outline of Chapters 5
Chapter 2 Wi-Fi 1 to 5 Overview 7
2.1 MAC Layer Overview 8
2.1.1 Network Architecture 8
2.1.2 MAC Frame Format and Types 10
2.1.3 Medium Access Rules 12
2.1.4 AP Discovery Process 18
2.1.5 Connection Establishment and Termination 19
2.1.6 Off-Channel Scanning 20
2.1.7 Quality of Service 21
2.1.8 Fragmentation and Aggregation 23
2.1.9 STA Power Save Methods 26
2.1.10 Multicast Traffic 32
2.1.11 STA Roaming 32
2.1.12 AP Channel Switching 34
2.2 PHY Layer Overview 34
2.2.1 Wi-Fi Generation 1 (802.11b) 35
2.2.2 Wi-Fi Generation 2 (802.11a) 37
vii
viii Contents
2.2.3 Wi-Fi Generation 3 (802.11g) 39
2.2.4 Wi-Fi Generation 4 (802.11n) 39
2.2.5 Wi-Fi Generation 5 (802.11ac) 44
2.3 References 49
Chapter 3 Wi-Fi 6 51
3.1 HE PPDU Formats 52
3.1.1 Long OFDM Symbol 53
3.1.2 GI and HE LTF 54
3.2 Single User Operation 54
3.2.1 Coding and Modulation 54
3.2.2 Dual Carrier Modulation 55
3.2.3 HE TxBf and Channel Sounding 55
3.2.4 Midamble 57
3.2.5 Multi-TID AMPDU 58
3.2.6 Blockack Length 58
3.2.7 Aggregation Limits 59
3.2.8 Duration-based RTS-CTS 59
3.3 Multiuser Operation 60
3.3.1 OFDMA Resource Unit Allocation 60
3.3.2 Downlink MU Operation 61
3.3.3 Uplink MU Operation 63
3.3.4 Trigger Frame Types 68
3.3.5 Buffer Status Report 71
3.3.6 MU EDCA 74
3.4 Target Wake Time 75
3.4.1 TWT Agreement Setup 76
3.4.2 Types of TWT Agreements 77
3.4.3 TWT Summary 78
3.5 BSS Coloring 79
3.5.1 BSS Color Collision 80
3.5.2 BSS Color Change Announcement 81
3.6 Spatial Reuse 81
3.6.1 OBSS PD-based SR 81
3.6.2 PSR-based SR 84
3.6.3 Practical Challenges in SR 85
3.7 Enhanced Multi-BSSID Advertisement 86
3.7.1 Profile Periodicity 88
Contents ix
3.8 Preamble puncturing 88
3.9 Operating Mode Indication 89
3.10 HE Capability Advertisement 90
3.11 When to do SU, MU-MIMO and MU-OFDMA 90
3.11.1 Examples 93
3.12 References 101
Chapter 4 Wi-Fi Security 103
4.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy 104
4.1.1 WEP Authentication 104
4.1.2 WEP Encryption 104
4.1.3 WEP Vulnerabilities 105
4.2 Wi-Fi Protected Access 106
4.2.1 WPA Personal 106
4.2.2 WPA Enterprise 108
4.2.3 WPA Encryption 109
4.2.4 Message Integrity Check 109
4.3 WPA2 110
4.3.1 WPA2 Authentication 110
4.3.2 WPA2 Encryption 110
4.3.3 Message Integrity Check 111
4.3.4 PMK Caching 111
4.3.5 Opportunistic Key Caching 112
4.3.6 Fast BSS Transition 112
4.3.7 Protected Management Frames 112
4.3.8 Wi-Fi Protected Setup 113
4.4 Key Reinstallation Attack 114
4.5 WPA3 114
4.5.1 WPA3 Authentication 115
4.5.2 WPA3 Encryption 117
4.5.3 WPA3 Transition Mode 117
4.5.4 Device Provisioning Protocol 117
4.5.5 Opportunistic Wireless Encryption 118
4.6 Multichannel Man-in-the-Middle 119
4.6.1 Operation Channel Validation 120
4.6.2 Beacon Protection 121
4.7 Fragmentation and Aggregation Attacks 121
4.8 Rogue AP Detection 122
x Contents
4.9 Summary 123
4.10 References 124
Chapter 5 Wi-Fi Implementation 127
5.1 Hardware 127
5.1.1 Radio Requirements 129
5.1.2 Host Processor 136
5.1.3 Memory Size 137
5.2 Software 138
5.2.1 Rate Adaptation 138
5.2.2 Scheduler 140
5.2.3 Buffer management 141
5.2.4 Packet Processing Speed 142
5.2.5 Channel Selection 143
5.2.6 STA Roaming Algorithm 144
5.2.7 STA Power Save Algorithm 145
5.2.8 Capability Advertisements 145
5.3 Regulatory Requirements 146
5.3.1 Allowed Channel Frequencies 146
5.3.2 In-Band Power and Out-of-Band Emission Limits 147
5.3.3 Dynamic Frequency Selection 150
5.4 Wi-Fi Certifications 152
5.5 References 155
Chapter 6 Wi-Fi 6E 157
6.1 6-GHz Channelization 158
6.2 AP Discovery 158
6.2.1 Minimizing Probe Traffic 159
6.2.2 Out-of-Band Discovery of a 6-GHz AP 160
6.2.3 Fast Passive Scanning of a 6-GHz Only AP 161
6.3 EMA support in 6 GHz 161
6.4 Security Modes in 6 GHz 162
6.5 Beacon Advertisement and PHY Rates in 6 GHz 162
6.6 On Channel Tunneling 163
6.7 Fast Initial Link Setup 164
6.7.1 FILS and Fast BSS Transition 166
6.8 6-GHz Regulatory Requirements 167
6.8.1 FCC 167
6.8.2 ETSI 170
Contents xi
6.9 Wi-Fi 6E Certification 170
6.10 Wi-Fi 6E Implementation Challenges 170
6.11 160-MHz Multiple AP Deployment in 6 GHz 171
6.12 References 173
Chapter 7 Wi-Fi Deployment 175
7.1 Residential Wi-Fi Deployment 175
7.1.1 Mesh 176
7.1.2 AP Placement 177
7.1.3 Channel Bandwidth Selection 177
7.2 Enterprise Indoor Wi-Fi Deployment 178
7.2.1 Power over Ethernet 178
7.2.2 Choosing AP Specification 179
7.2.3 Channel Bandwidth Selection 180
7.2.4 Estimating the Number of APs 183
7.2.5 Mitigating Inter-AP Interference 189
7.2.6 Upgrading Existing Deployment 190
7.2.7 Reducing Overhead in High-Density Deployments 191
7.3 Outdoor Wi-Fi Deployment 191
7.4 Post Deployment Site Survey 192
7.5 References 193
Chapter 8 5G Overview and Wi-Fi Comparison 195
8.1 Evolution of Cellular Technologies (1G-4G) 197
8.1.1 First Generation Cellular Technologies 197
8.1.2 Second Generation Cellular Technologies 197
8.1.3 Third Generation Cellular Technologies 198
8.1.4 Fourth Generation Cellular Technologies 199
8.2 Fifth Generation Cellular Technology 199
8.3 Comparison with Wi-Fi 203
8.3.1 Technology 203
8.3.2 Security 204
8.3.3 Ease of Deployment 204
8.3.4 Total Cost of Ownership 204
8.3.5 Use Cases 205
8.4 Summary 206
8.5 References 207
Chapter 9 Conclusion 209
xii Contents
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 211
About the Authors 221
Index
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EBOOK - WI-FI 6 - Protocol and Network (Susinder R. Gulasckaran) 2021.
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