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EBOOK - Agitation Handbook (Filipp Kars-Jordan & Petri Hiltunen) Full
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Turbulence is one of the most studied and unsolved phenomena of our century. The
mathematical complexity of turbulent flow makes it impossible to use analytical methods and
the approach must be statistical rather than deterministic. Since there is no strict definition of
turbulence it is often described by the characteristics listed below:
• Irregularity – all turbulent flows are irregular and random. Thus, statistical methods
are necessary.
• Diffusivity – causes rapid mixing, increased momentum rates, heat and mass transfer.
• Large Reynolds number – turbulence occur at large Reynolds numbers.
• Three dimensional vorticity fluctuations – turbulence is three dimensional and
rotational and can not exist in two dimensional flows.
• Dissipation – kinetic energy of turbulence is consumed by viscous shear stress
deformation work. Thus, to sustain turbulence, a continuous supply of energy is
needed, otherwise the turbulence perish.
• Continuum – turbulence can only occur in three dimensional space of size far larger
then the molecular length scale of the matter in which the turbulence is to take place.
• Turbulence is a property of a flow – turbulence is a property of a flow, not of the fluid
itself.
CONTENTS:
Agitation handbook index
1. Turbulence............................................................................................................................ 12
2. What is mixing? .................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 GOALS OF MIXING ....................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2 SUSPENSION ................................................................................................................................................ 17
2.2.1 Sedimentation ..................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.3 Degree of suspension.......................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.4 Particle motion in liquid..................................................................................................................... 19
2.3 SOLID DISPERSION ....................................................................................................................................... 21
2.5 DIFFUSION................................................................................................................................................... 22
2.6 EMULSIFICATION......................................................................................................................................... 22
2.7 FERMENTATION........................................................................................................................................... 23
3. Rheology............................................................................................................................... 24
4. Dimensionless numbers........................................................................................................ 28
4.1 REYNOLDS NUMBER .................................................................................................................................... 28
4.2 POWER NUMBER (NEWTON NUMBER).......................................................................................................... 32
4.3 SCABA PUMPING NUMBER ........................................................................................................................... 33
4.4 SCABA NUMBER & FLOW NUMBER .............................................................................................................. 34
4.4 DEGREE OF AGITATION................................................................................................................................36
4.7 FROUDE NUMBER ........................................................................................................................................ 36
5. Liquid motion ...................................................................................................................... 38
5.1 MIXING TIME .............................................................................................................................................. 38
5.2 CAVERNS..................................................................................................................................................... 40
6. Scaba modular system .......................................................................................................... 42
6.1 MOTOR........................................................................................................................................................ 42
6.2 GEAR UNIT .................................................................................................................................................. 43
6.3 BEARING HOUSING ...................................................................................................................................... 44
6.4 SEAL HOUSING ............................................................................................................................................ 44
6. 5 SHAFT SEALS .............................................................................................................................................. 45
6.5.1 Stuffing box (S) ................................................................................................................................... 45
6.5.2 Lip seal ............................................................................................................................................... 46
6.5.3 Mechanical seals ................................................................................................................................47
6.5.4 Labyrinth seal ..................................................................................................................................... 48
6.6 SHAFTS........................................................................................................................................................ 49
6.7 COUPLINGS.................................................................................................................................................. 49
6.7.1 Flange couplings ................................................................................................................................49
6.7.2 Threaded coupling.............................................................................................................................. 50
6.8 BOTTOM STEADY BEARING.......................................................................................................................... 50
7. Tanks .................................................................................................................................... 52
7.1 TANK GEOMETRY ........................................................................................................................................ 52
7.2 BAFFLES ...................................................................................................................................................... 54
8. Impellers............................................................................................................................... 58
8.1 TURBINES .................................................................................................................................................... 58
8.1.1 Rushton turbine .................................................................................................................................. 58
8.1.2 6SRGT ................................................................................................................................................ 59
8.1.3 HD Turbine......................................................................................................................................... 61
8.2 PROPELLERS ................................................................................................................................................ 61
8.2.1 SHP1&SHP18 .................................................................................................................................... 8.2.2 Constant pitch..................................................................................................................................... 62
8.2.3 Gliding ratio ....................................................................................................................................... 63
8.2.4 SHPD.................................................................................................................................................. 64
9. Stirrer installation. ............................................................................................................... 66
9.1 MOUNTING .................................................................................................................................................. 66
9.1.1 Impeller position from wall or bottom ................................................................................................ 67
9.1.2 Number of impellers ........................................................................................................................... 67
9.2 SELF-FREQUENCY........................................................................................................................................ 68
9.2.1 Over/under critical ............................................................................................................................. 68
10. Wastewater treatment......................................................................................................... 72
10.1 FLOCCULATION ......................................................................................................................................... 72
10.2 DENITRIFICATION ...................................................................................................................................... 73
10.3 DIGESTION ................................................................................................................................................ 74
11. Paper pulp industry ............................................................................................................ 76
11.1 LIQUID MOTION IN PAPER PULP.................................................................................................................. 76
11.2 DIMENSIONING PAPER PULP PROCESSES .................................................................................................... 78
11.2.1 Different types of pulp ...................................................................................................................... 78
11.2.2 Temperature ..................................................................................................................................... 80
11.3 PAPER PULP PROCESSES............................................................................................................................. 80
12. Appendix............................................................................................................................. 82
APPENDIX A...................................................................................................................................................... 82
APPENDIX B. ..................................................................................................................................................... 84
APPENDIX C ...................................................................................................................................................... 86
Notation .
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Turbulence is one of the most studied and unsolved phenomena of our century. The
mathematical complexity of turbulent flow makes it impossible to use analytical methods and
the approach must be statistical rather than deterministic. Since there is no strict definition of
turbulence it is often described by the characteristics listed below:
• Irregularity – all turbulent flows are irregular and random. Thus, statistical methods
are necessary.
• Diffusivity – causes rapid mixing, increased momentum rates, heat and mass transfer.
• Large Reynolds number – turbulence occur at large Reynolds numbers.
• Three dimensional vorticity fluctuations – turbulence is three dimensional and
rotational and can not exist in two dimensional flows.
• Dissipation – kinetic energy of turbulence is consumed by viscous shear stress
deformation work. Thus, to sustain turbulence, a continuous supply of energy is
needed, otherwise the turbulence perish.
• Continuum – turbulence can only occur in three dimensional space of size far larger
then the molecular length scale of the matter in which the turbulence is to take place.
• Turbulence is a property of a flow – turbulence is a property of a flow, not of the fluid
itself.
CONTENTS:
Agitation handbook index
1. Turbulence............................................................................................................................ 12
2. What is mixing? .................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 GOALS OF MIXING ....................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2 SUSPENSION ................................................................................................................................................ 17
2.2.1 Sedimentation ..................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.3 Degree of suspension.......................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.4 Particle motion in liquid..................................................................................................................... 19
2.3 SOLID DISPERSION ....................................................................................................................................... 21
2.5 DIFFUSION................................................................................................................................................... 22
2.6 EMULSIFICATION......................................................................................................................................... 22
2.7 FERMENTATION........................................................................................................................................... 23
3. Rheology............................................................................................................................... 24
4. Dimensionless numbers........................................................................................................ 28
4.1 REYNOLDS NUMBER .................................................................................................................................... 28
4.2 POWER NUMBER (NEWTON NUMBER).......................................................................................................... 32
4.3 SCABA PUMPING NUMBER ........................................................................................................................... 33
4.4 SCABA NUMBER & FLOW NUMBER .............................................................................................................. 34
4.4 DEGREE OF AGITATION................................................................................................................................36
4.7 FROUDE NUMBER ........................................................................................................................................ 36
5. Liquid motion ...................................................................................................................... 38
5.1 MIXING TIME .............................................................................................................................................. 38
5.2 CAVERNS..................................................................................................................................................... 40
6. Scaba modular system .......................................................................................................... 42
6.1 MOTOR........................................................................................................................................................ 42
6.2 GEAR UNIT .................................................................................................................................................. 43
6.3 BEARING HOUSING ...................................................................................................................................... 44
6.4 SEAL HOUSING ............................................................................................................................................ 44
6. 5 SHAFT SEALS .............................................................................................................................................. 45
6.5.1 Stuffing box (S) ................................................................................................................................... 45
6.5.2 Lip seal ............................................................................................................................................... 46
6.5.3 Mechanical seals ................................................................................................................................47
6.5.4 Labyrinth seal ..................................................................................................................................... 48
6.6 SHAFTS........................................................................................................................................................ 49
6.7 COUPLINGS.................................................................................................................................................. 49
6.7.1 Flange couplings ................................................................................................................................49
6.7.2 Threaded coupling.............................................................................................................................. 50
6.8 BOTTOM STEADY BEARING.......................................................................................................................... 50
7. Tanks .................................................................................................................................... 52
7.1 TANK GEOMETRY ........................................................................................................................................ 52
7.2 BAFFLES ...................................................................................................................................................... 54
8. Impellers............................................................................................................................... 58
8.1 TURBINES .................................................................................................................................................... 58
8.1.1 Rushton turbine .................................................................................................................................. 58
8.1.2 6SRGT ................................................................................................................................................ 59
8.1.3 HD Turbine......................................................................................................................................... 61
8.2 PROPELLERS ................................................................................................................................................ 61
8.2.1 SHP1&SHP18 .................................................................................................................................... 8.2.2 Constant pitch..................................................................................................................................... 62
8.2.3 Gliding ratio ....................................................................................................................................... 63
8.2.4 SHPD.................................................................................................................................................. 64
9. Stirrer installation. ............................................................................................................... 66
9.1 MOUNTING .................................................................................................................................................. 66
9.1.1 Impeller position from wall or bottom ................................................................................................ 67
9.1.2 Number of impellers ........................................................................................................................... 67
9.2 SELF-FREQUENCY........................................................................................................................................ 68
9.2.1 Over/under critical ............................................................................................................................. 68
10. Wastewater treatment......................................................................................................... 72
10.1 FLOCCULATION ......................................................................................................................................... 72
10.2 DENITRIFICATION ...................................................................................................................................... 73
10.3 DIGESTION ................................................................................................................................................ 74
11. Paper pulp industry ............................................................................................................ 76
11.1 LIQUID MOTION IN PAPER PULP.................................................................................................................. 76
11.2 DIMENSIONING PAPER PULP PROCESSES .................................................................................................... 78
11.2.1 Different types of pulp ...................................................................................................................... 78
11.2.2 Temperature ..................................................................................................................................... 80
11.3 PAPER PULP PROCESSES............................................................................................................................. 80
12. Appendix............................................................................................................................. 82
APPENDIX A...................................................................................................................................................... 82
APPENDIX B. ..................................................................................................................................................... 84
APPENDIX C ...................................................................................................................................................... 86
Notation .
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