EBOOK - Refrigeration Commissioning Guide for Commercial and Industrial Systems (Ashrae 2014)

Refrigeration Commissioning Guide for Commercial and Industrial Systems provides value to owners and managers of commercial and industrial facilities that use refrigeration systems by ensuring that project requirements are met and owners’ expectations are achieved.
Refrigeration systems account for a significant portion of commercial building energy use and are often the largest energy end use in food and beverage facilities. A U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) study estimates commercial refrigeration uses 1.23 quads (1.23 × 1015 Btu) (1.30 EJ) per year, which is approximately 7% of commercial building energy use. Nearly 70% of this commercial refrigeration use consists of supermarkets and other customdesigned refrigeration systems (DOE 2009).
Supermarkets are the largest example: a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) study estimates that supermarkets typically use approximately 3,000,000 kWh of electricity per year, with 60% of that energy use attributed to refrigeration (EPA 2007). Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. (PECI) predicts that commissioning in existing grocery stores would result in 7% to 25% energy savings per year (PECI 2010). Based on these estimates, this commissioning guide, if widely adopted, would lead to substantial U.S. national energy savings.

Custom refrigeration systems are complex and individually designed for eachfacility. Deficiencies in the system design found at start-up are not easily resolved and, as a result, maintenance managers or operators deal with unnecessary shortcomings and expenses over the life of the facility. The value of commissioningis to establish a consistent stepwise process that helps “get it right the first time,” resulting in refrigeration systems that “work right” and minimize maintenance and energy costs.

Preface The Business Case for Commissioning: A Message to Owners... vii
Acknowledgments ......................................................ix
Chapter 1 Introduction
The Need for Commissioning............................2
Purpose and Scope...................................4
How to Use this Guide.................................7
Chapter 2 Commissioning during Planning and Design
Introduction..........................................9
Forming the Commissioning Team.......................13
Developing the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR)........15
Managing the Issues Log..............................24
Developing the Commissioning Plan.....................25
Developing the Basis of Design (BoD)....................28
Requirements for Construction Documents (CDs)...........32
Deliverables and Acceptance...........................34
Chapter 3 Commissioning during Construction and Installation
Introduction.........................................37
Installation Planning and Scope of Work ..................41
Prefunctional Testing and Verification....................45
Construction and Installation Details......................50
Final Installation Commissioning and Review...............55
Chapter 4 Commissioning during Start-Up and First-Year Operation
Introduction.........................................57
Commissioning Activities..............................59
Start-Up Report and Handoff to Owner....................63
Activities in the First Year..............................64
First-Year Final Report and Acceptance...................68
Refrigeration Commissioning Guide for Commercial and Industrial Systems
Appendix A Roles and Responsibilities Matrix...........................73
Appendix B Example Commissioning Plan.............................77
Appendix C Example Acceptance Plan................................85
Appendix D Technical Procedures
1 Verifying Control Functions..........................89
2 Verifying Refrigeration System Capacity...............92
3 Evaluating Part-Load Operation......................96
4 Checking Refrigerant Temperatures and Pressures and
Evaluating Setpoints...............................98
5 Verifying Operation of Alarms.......................101
6 Evaluating Refrigerant Piping.......................104
7 Verifying Anti-Sweat Heater Control Operation.........107
8 Verifying Defrost Adequacy and
Defrost Control Operation..........................109
9 Minimizing Air Infiltration of Boxes and Cases..........112
10 Evaluating the Use of Energy-Saving Features.........113

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Refrigeration Commissioning Guide for Commercial and Industrial Systems provides value to owners and managers of commercial and industrial facilities that use refrigeration systems by ensuring that project requirements are met and owners’ expectations are achieved.
Refrigeration systems account for a significant portion of commercial building energy use and are often the largest energy end use in food and beverage facilities. A U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) study estimates commercial refrigeration uses 1.23 quads (1.23 × 1015 Btu) (1.30 EJ) per year, which is approximately 7% of commercial building energy use. Nearly 70% of this commercial refrigeration use consists of supermarkets and other customdesigned refrigeration systems (DOE 2009).
Supermarkets are the largest example: a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) study estimates that supermarkets typically use approximately 3,000,000 kWh of electricity per year, with 60% of that energy use attributed to refrigeration (EPA 2007). Portland Energy Conservation, Inc. (PECI) predicts that commissioning in existing grocery stores would result in 7% to 25% energy savings per year (PECI 2010). Based on these estimates, this commissioning guide, if widely adopted, would lead to substantial U.S. national energy savings.

Custom refrigeration systems are complex and individually designed for eachfacility. Deficiencies in the system design found at start-up are not easily resolved and, as a result, maintenance managers or operators deal with unnecessary shortcomings and expenses over the life of the facility. The value of commissioningis to establish a consistent stepwise process that helps “get it right the first time,” resulting in refrigeration systems that “work right” and minimize maintenance and energy costs.

Preface The Business Case for Commissioning: A Message to Owners... vii
Acknowledgments ......................................................ix
Chapter 1 Introduction
The Need for Commissioning............................2
Purpose and Scope...................................4
How to Use this Guide.................................7
Chapter 2 Commissioning during Planning and Design
Introduction..........................................9
Forming the Commissioning Team.......................13
Developing the Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR)........15
Managing the Issues Log..............................24
Developing the Commissioning Plan.....................25
Developing the Basis of Design (BoD)....................28
Requirements for Construction Documents (CDs)...........32
Deliverables and Acceptance...........................34
Chapter 3 Commissioning during Construction and Installation
Introduction.........................................37
Installation Planning and Scope of Work ..................41
Prefunctional Testing and Verification....................45
Construction and Installation Details......................50
Final Installation Commissioning and Review...............55
Chapter 4 Commissioning during Start-Up and First-Year Operation
Introduction.........................................57
Commissioning Activities..............................59
Start-Up Report and Handoff to Owner....................63
Activities in the First Year..............................64
First-Year Final Report and Acceptance...................68
Refrigeration Commissioning Guide for Commercial and Industrial Systems
Appendix A Roles and Responsibilities Matrix...........................73
Appendix B Example Commissioning Plan.............................77
Appendix C Example Acceptance Plan................................85
Appendix D Technical Procedures
1 Verifying Control Functions..........................89
2 Verifying Refrigeration System Capacity...............92
3 Evaluating Part-Load Operation......................96
4 Checking Refrigerant Temperatures and Pressures and
Evaluating Setpoints...............................98
5 Verifying Operation of Alarms.......................101
6 Evaluating Refrigerant Piping.......................104
7 Verifying Anti-Sweat Heater Control Operation.........107
8 Verifying Defrost Adequacy and
Defrost Control Operation..........................109
9 Minimizing Air Infiltration of Boxes and Cases..........112
10 Evaluating the Use of Energy-Saving Features.........113

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Chuyên mục: C. Bài giảng C. Bài giảng chuyên ngành Nhiệt Lạnh (Heat and Refrigeration) C. Bài giảng kỹ thuật