EBOOK - ASHRAE GREENGUIDE DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
3 thg 11, 2016 | 14:12

EBOOK - ASHRAE GREENGUIDE DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS


Mechanical engineeringhas been defined as “the applied science of energy conversion.” ASHRAE is the preeminent technical society that represents engineers practicing in the fields of heating, refrigeration, and air conditioning—the technology that utilizes approximately one-third of the global nonrenewable energy consumed annually.
ASHRAE membership has actively pursued more effective means of utilizing these precious nonrenewable resources for many decades from the standpoints of source availability, efficiency of utilization, and technology of substituting with renewable sources. One significant publication in ASHRAE Transactionsis a paper authored in 1951 by G.W. Gleason, Dean of Engineering at Oregon State University, titled “Energy—Choose it Wisely Today for Safety Tomorrow.” The flip side of the energy coin is the environment and, again, ASHRAE has historically dealt with the impact that the practice of the HVAC&R sciences have had upon both the indoor and the global environment.
However, the engineering community, to a great extent, serves the needs and desiresof accepted economic norms and the consuming public, a large majority
of whom have not embraced an energy/environmental ethic. As a result, much of the technology in energy effectiveness and environmental sensitivity that ASHRAE members have developed over this past century has had limited impact upon society.

In 1975, when ASHRAE published ASHRAE Standard 90-75,EnergyConservation in New Building Design(ASHRAE1975), that standard served as our initial outreach effort to develop an awareness of the energy ethic and to extend our capabilities throughout society as a whole. Since that time, updated revisions of Standard 90 have moved the science ahead. In 1993, the chapter on “Energy Resources” was added to the 1993ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. In 2002, ASHRAE entered into a partnering agreement with the US Green Building Council, and it is intended that this and future editions of this design guide will continue to assist ASHRAE in its efforts at promoting sustainable design, as well as © 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.

SECTION 1: BASICS
Chapter One: Introduction and Background  3
Introduction 3
Relationship to Sustainability 5
Commitment to Green/Sustainable
High-Performance Projects 5
What Drives Green Projects 6
The Impact of Carbon Considerations 7
The Engineering/Energy Conservation Ethic 8
Sustainability in Architecture 14
References and Resources 20
Chapter Two: Sustainable Sites 23
Location of the Building Project 23
Urban Heat Island Effect 24
Stormwater Management 27
References and Resources29
SECTION 2: THE DESIGN PROCESS
Chapter Three: Project Strategies 39
Ingredients of a Successful Green Project Endeavor 39
Incentives for Green Design 40
Successful Approaches to Design 45
References and Resources 51
Chapter Four: The Design Process—Early Stages 53
Overview 53
The Owner’s Role 56
The Design Team 57
The Engineer’s Role 61
Project Delivery Methods and Contractor Selection 62
Concept Development 67
Expressing and Testing Concepts 70
Building Information Modeling (BIM) 72
References and Resources 78
Chapter Five: Architectural Design and Planning Impacts 79
Overview 79
Design Process for Sustainable Architecture  79
Prioritization and Studies of Existing Buildings’
Energy Resource Utilization  86
Intentions in Architecture and Building System Development  87
Building-Type GreenTips 89
Chapter Six: Commissioning 123
Commissioning Phases  125
Selection of Systems to Commission  135
Commissioning Models  136
The Growth of Commissioning  137
References and Resources  138
Chapter Seven: Green Rating Systems, Standards,
and Other Guidance 139
Green-Building Rating Systems 139
The LEED Rating System 141
Guidelines and Other Resources  144
Building Energy Quotient (bEQ)  145
Implementation in the Form of Standards and Building Codes  147
ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1  147
International Green Construction Code(IgCC)  153
References and Resources 153
Chapter Eight: Conceptual Engineering Design—Load Determination 157
The Role of Energy Modeling During Conceptual Design 158
Determining the Load Drivers with Parametric Simulations 160
Energy Impacts of Architectural Features 161
Thermal/Mass Transfer of Envelope 162
Engineering Internal Load-Determining Factors 163
System/Equipment Efficiencies  164
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)  165
References and Resources 179
Chapter Nine: Indoor Environmental Quality 181
Introduction 181
Green-Building Design and Indoor Environmental Quality 182
Integrated Design Approaches and Solutions  183
Thermal Comfort and Control  223
Light and Illumination  225
Acoustics 230
References and Resources 232
Chapter Ten: Energy Distribution Systems 235
Energy Exchange 235
Energy Delivery Methods  236
Steam 240
Hydronics 243
Air 247
Electric 249
References and Resources 250
Chapter Eleven: Energy Conversion Systems 273
Heat Generators (Heating Plants) 273
Cooling Generators (Chilled-Water Plants) 273
Cooling System Heat Sinks 276
Cooling Tower Systems 276
District Energy Systems 281
Water Consumption for Cooling System Operation 283
Distributed Electricity Generation 284
References and Resources 290
Chapter Twelve: Energy/Water Sources 337
Renewable/Nonrenewable Energy Sources 337
Solar 339
Wind 349
Hydro 350
Biomass 350
References and Resources 351
Chapter Thirteen: Lighting Systems 369
Overview 369
Electric Lighting 369
Daylight Harvesting 384
Light Conveyors (Tubular Daylighting Devices) 388
Lighting Controls 388
Cost Considerations 392
References and Resources 393
Chapter Fourteen: Water Efficiency 399
The Energy-Water Balance 400
Water Supply 400
Cooling Tower Systems 402
Domestic Water Heating 407
Sanitary Waste 408
Rainwater Harvesting 408
Fire Suppression Systems 408
Water Recovery and Reuse 408
References and Resources 409
Chapter Fifteen: Building Automation Systems  439
Control System Role in Delivering Energy Efficiency 440
The Interaction of a Smart Building with the Coming Smart Grid  441
Control System Role in Delivering Water Efficiency  443
Control System Role in Delivering IEQ  444
Control System Commissioning Process  446
Designing for Sustained Efficiency  449
References and Resources  450
Chapter Sixteen: Completing Design and Documentation for Construction 453
Drawings/Documentation Stage  453
Specifying Materials/Equipment  453
Cost Estimating and Budget Reconciliation  454
Bidding 454
Managing Risk  455
References and Resources  458
SECTION 3: POSTDESIGN—
CONSTRUCTION AND BEYOND
Chapter Seventeen: Construction 463
Site Planning and Development  463
The Engineer’s Role in Construction Quality  463
Construction Practices and Methods  466
Commissioning During Construction  468
Moving into Occupancy and Operation  468
References and Resources  468
Chapter Eighteen: Operation, Maintenance, and Performance Evaluation 471
Plans for Operation  471
Commissioning 471
Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings  473
Retrofit Strategies for Existing Buildings  474
Measurement and Verification (M&V)  475
International Performance Measurement
and Verification Protocol  475
Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP)
Guidelines Version 2.2  476
FEMP M&V Option A Detailed Guidelines  476
ASHRAE Guidelines and Standards  476
Building Labeling  477
Occupant Surveys  478
References and Resources  480
References and Resources 483
Terms, Definitions, and Acronyms 505


Mechanical engineeringhas been defined as “the applied science of energy conversion.” ASHRAE is the preeminent technical society that represents engineers practicing in the fields of heating, refrigeration, and air conditioning—the technology that utilizes approximately one-third of the global nonrenewable energy consumed annually.
ASHRAE membership has actively pursued more effective means of utilizing these precious nonrenewable resources for many decades from the standpoints of source availability, efficiency of utilization, and technology of substituting with renewable sources. One significant publication in ASHRAE Transactionsis a paper authored in 1951 by G.W. Gleason, Dean of Engineering at Oregon State University, titled “Energy—Choose it Wisely Today for Safety Tomorrow.” The flip side of the energy coin is the environment and, again, ASHRAE has historically dealt with the impact that the practice of the HVAC&R sciences have had upon both the indoor and the global environment.
However, the engineering community, to a great extent, serves the needs and desiresof accepted economic norms and the consuming public, a large majority
of whom have not embraced an energy/environmental ethic. As a result, much of the technology in energy effectiveness and environmental sensitivity that ASHRAE members have developed over this past century has had limited impact upon society.

In 1975, when ASHRAE published ASHRAE Standard 90-75,EnergyConservation in New Building Design(ASHRAE1975), that standard served as our initial outreach effort to develop an awareness of the energy ethic and to extend our capabilities throughout society as a whole. Since that time, updated revisions of Standard 90 have moved the science ahead. In 1993, the chapter on “Energy Resources” was added to the 1993ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. In 2002, ASHRAE entered into a partnering agreement with the US Green Building Council, and it is intended that this and future editions of this design guide will continue to assist ASHRAE in its efforts at promoting sustainable design, as well as © 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.

SECTION 1: BASICS
Chapter One: Introduction and Background  3
Introduction 3
Relationship to Sustainability 5
Commitment to Green/Sustainable
High-Performance Projects 5
What Drives Green Projects 6
The Impact of Carbon Considerations 7
The Engineering/Energy Conservation Ethic 8
Sustainability in Architecture 14
References and Resources 20
Chapter Two: Sustainable Sites 23
Location of the Building Project 23
Urban Heat Island Effect 24
Stormwater Management 27
References and Resources29
SECTION 2: THE DESIGN PROCESS
Chapter Three: Project Strategies 39
Ingredients of a Successful Green Project Endeavor 39
Incentives for Green Design 40
Successful Approaches to Design 45
References and Resources 51
Chapter Four: The Design Process—Early Stages 53
Overview 53
The Owner’s Role 56
The Design Team 57
The Engineer’s Role 61
Project Delivery Methods and Contractor Selection 62
Concept Development 67
Expressing and Testing Concepts 70
Building Information Modeling (BIM) 72
References and Resources 78
Chapter Five: Architectural Design and Planning Impacts 79
Overview 79
Design Process for Sustainable Architecture  79
Prioritization and Studies of Existing Buildings’
Energy Resource Utilization  86
Intentions in Architecture and Building System Development  87
Building-Type GreenTips 89
Chapter Six: Commissioning 123
Commissioning Phases  125
Selection of Systems to Commission  135
Commissioning Models  136
The Growth of Commissioning  137
References and Resources  138
Chapter Seven: Green Rating Systems, Standards,
and Other Guidance 139
Green-Building Rating Systems 139
The LEED Rating System 141
Guidelines and Other Resources  144
Building Energy Quotient (bEQ)  145
Implementation in the Form of Standards and Building Codes  147
ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1  147
International Green Construction Code(IgCC)  153
References and Resources 153
Chapter Eight: Conceptual Engineering Design—Load Determination 157
The Role of Energy Modeling During Conceptual Design 158
Determining the Load Drivers with Parametric Simulations 160
Energy Impacts of Architectural Features 161
Thermal/Mass Transfer of Envelope 162
Engineering Internal Load-Determining Factors 163
System/Equipment Efficiencies  164
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)  165
References and Resources 179
Chapter Nine: Indoor Environmental Quality 181
Introduction 181
Green-Building Design and Indoor Environmental Quality 182
Integrated Design Approaches and Solutions  183
Thermal Comfort and Control  223
Light and Illumination  225
Acoustics 230
References and Resources 232
Chapter Ten: Energy Distribution Systems 235
Energy Exchange 235
Energy Delivery Methods  236
Steam 240
Hydronics 243
Air 247
Electric 249
References and Resources 250
Chapter Eleven: Energy Conversion Systems 273
Heat Generators (Heating Plants) 273
Cooling Generators (Chilled-Water Plants) 273
Cooling System Heat Sinks 276
Cooling Tower Systems 276
District Energy Systems 281
Water Consumption for Cooling System Operation 283
Distributed Electricity Generation 284
References and Resources 290
Chapter Twelve: Energy/Water Sources 337
Renewable/Nonrenewable Energy Sources 337
Solar 339
Wind 349
Hydro 350
Biomass 350
References and Resources 351
Chapter Thirteen: Lighting Systems 369
Overview 369
Electric Lighting 369
Daylight Harvesting 384
Light Conveyors (Tubular Daylighting Devices) 388
Lighting Controls 388
Cost Considerations 392
References and Resources 393
Chapter Fourteen: Water Efficiency 399
The Energy-Water Balance 400
Water Supply 400
Cooling Tower Systems 402
Domestic Water Heating 407
Sanitary Waste 408
Rainwater Harvesting 408
Fire Suppression Systems 408
Water Recovery and Reuse 408
References and Resources 409
Chapter Fifteen: Building Automation Systems  439
Control System Role in Delivering Energy Efficiency 440
The Interaction of a Smart Building with the Coming Smart Grid  441
Control System Role in Delivering Water Efficiency  443
Control System Role in Delivering IEQ  444
Control System Commissioning Process  446
Designing for Sustained Efficiency  449
References and Resources  450
Chapter Sixteen: Completing Design and Documentation for Construction 453
Drawings/Documentation Stage  453
Specifying Materials/Equipment  453
Cost Estimating and Budget Reconciliation  454
Bidding 454
Managing Risk  455
References and Resources  458
SECTION 3: POSTDESIGN—
CONSTRUCTION AND BEYOND
Chapter Seventeen: Construction 463
Site Planning and Development  463
The Engineer’s Role in Construction Quality  463
Construction Practices and Methods  466
Commissioning During Construction  468
Moving into Occupancy and Operation  468
References and Resources  468
Chapter Eighteen: Operation, Maintenance, and Performance Evaluation 471
Plans for Operation  471
Commissioning 471
Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings  473
Retrofit Strategies for Existing Buildings  474
Measurement and Verification (M&V)  475
International Performance Measurement
and Verification Protocol  475
Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP)
Guidelines Version 2.2  476
FEMP M&V Option A Detailed Guidelines  476
ASHRAE Guidelines and Standards  476
Building Labeling  477
Occupant Surveys  478
References and Resources  480
References and Resources 483
Terms, Definitions, and Acronyms 505

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