EBOOK - Nanostructural Bioceramics - Advances in Chemically Bonded Ceramics (Leif Hermansson)

Biomaterials are produced in situ and in vivo in the body using mainly hydration reactions, that is, reactions between phosphates, silicates or aluminates, and water. The nanostructural integration of these biomaterials in the body is controlled by six mechanisms. The biomaterial interaction with body liquid results in bioactivity and total closure of the contact zone between the biomaterial and hard tissue.

This book describes the new biomaterials based on nanostructural chemically bonded bioceramics and discusses their general and specific properties. It presents an overview of the nanostructural chemically bonded bioceramics, including their processing aspects, properties, integration with tissues, relation to other bioceramics and biomaterials, and nanostructural integration in different dental and orthopaedic applications. The book also describes the potential application areas for these new chemically bonded bioceramics.


1.  Introduction to Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  1
1.1  Chemically Bonded Bioceramics: An Overview  1
1.2  Stable and Resorbable Chemically Bonded Ceramics  4
1.2.1  Stable Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  4
1.2.2  Resorbable Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  6
1.3  Summary and Conclusions  8
2.  Structures of Hard Tissue and the Importance of in situ–, in vivo–Formed Bioceramics  11
2.1  Hard Body Tissue Structures: An Overview  11
2.2  Interaction between Chemically Bonded Ceramics and Hard Tissue  13
2.2.1  Contact Zone Reaction between Chemically Bonded Bioceramics and Hard Tissue  13
2.3  Summary and Conclusion  16
3.  Overview of Chemical Reactions, Processing, and Properties  17
3.1  Chemical Reactions during Setting and Hardening: An Overview  17
3.1.1  Mechanism 1   18
3.1.2  Mechanisms 2 and 3   18
3.1.3  Mechanism 4  19
3.1.4  Mechanism 5  20
3.1.5  Mechanism 6  20
3.2  Property Features of Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  21
3.2.1 Property Profile Aspects 21
3.2.2  Practical Properties  23
3.3  Summary and Conclusion  25
4.  Additives Used in Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  29
4.1  Additives Normally Used for Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  29
4.1.1  Complementary Binding Phases for Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  30
4.1.2  Processing Agents for Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  30
4.1.3  Fillers Used in Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  31
4.2  Summary  32
5.  Test Methods with Special Reference to Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  33
5.1  Introduction   33
5.2  Test Methods and Nanostructures   34
5.2.1  Micro-/Nanostructural Evaluation  34
5.2.2  Mechanical Properties  34
5.2.3  Dimensional Stability: Shrinkage or Expansion?  36
5.3  Summary  36
6.  Why Even Difficult to Avoid Nanostructures in Chemically Bonded Bioceramics?   6.1  Why Nanostructures in Chemically Bonded Bioceramics?  41
6.1.1  Calculations  42
6.2  Nanostructures in the Calcium Aluminate–Calcium Phosphate System  43
6.3  Conclusion  47
7.  Nanostructures and Related Properties  49
7.1  Nanostructure, Including Crystal Size and Porosity Structure  49
7.1.1  Nanostructure, Including the Nanoporosity Developed   49
7.1.2  Microstructure and Gap (Contact Zone) Closure   50
7.2  Nanostructures and Mechanical Strength  51
7.3  Additional Property Features of Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  7.4  Conclusion  53
8.  Nanostructures and Specific Properties  57
8.1  Nanostructures, Including Phases and Porosity for Specific Properties 57
8.1.1  Bioactivity and Anti-Bacterial Properties Simultaneously  58
8.1.1.1  Bioactivity  58
8.1.1.2  Anti-bacterial aspects  58
8.1.2  Microleakage  61
8.2  Drug Delivery Carriers  64
8.3  Haemocompatibility  64
8.4  Conclusions and Outlook  67
9.  Dental Applications within Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  71
9.1  Chemically Bonded Bioceramics for Dental Applications: An Introduction  71
9.2  Dental Applications   73
9.2.1  Dental Cements  73
9.2.2  Endodontics  75
9.2.3  Dental Fillings  78
9.2.4  Dental Implant Coatings  79
9.3  Summary and Conclusion   79
10.  Orthopaedic Applications within Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  10.1  Biomaterials for Orthopaedic Applications  83
10.2  Chemically Bonded Bioceramics for Orthopaedic Applications  84
10.2.1  Ca-Aluminate-Based Orthopaedic Materials  84
10.2.1.1  PVP  85
10.2.1.2  KVP  85
10.2.2  Ca-Aluminate-Based Orthopaedic Coating Materials  87
10.2.2.1  Point-welding  89
10.3  Summary and Conclusions  90
11.  Carriers for Drug Delivery Based on Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  93
11.1  Chemically Bonded Bioceramics as Carriers for Drug Delivery: Introduction  93
11.2  Important Aspects of Carriers for Drug Delivery  94
11.2.1  General Aspects  95
11.2.2  Drug-Loading and Manufacturing Aspects  97
11.2.3  Drug Release Control Aspects  99
11.2.3.1  Types of chemically bonded ceramics  99
11.2.3.2  Grain size distribution  99
11.2.3.3  Microstructure of additional particles (additives) for drug incorporation  100
11.2.3.4  Pharmaceutical compositions  101
11.3  Summary and Conclusion  102
12.  Clinical Observations and Testing  105
12.1  Clinical Evaluation: An Introduction  105
12.2  Dental Biomaterial Evaluation   106
12.2.1  Introduction  106
12.2.2  Dental Luting Cement: Prospective Observations  107
12.2.3  Endodontic Fillings: A Retrospective Investigation of a Ca-Aluminate-Based Material in Root Canal Sealing  113
12.3  Orthopaedic Biomaterial Evaluation  118
12.3.1  Introduction  118
12.3.2  Clinical Studies  119
12.3.2.1  A prospective clinical study in PVP  123
12.3.3  Presentation of clinical results  125
...

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Biomaterials are produced in situ and in vivo in the body using mainly hydration reactions, that is, reactions between phosphates, silicates or aluminates, and water. The nanostructural integration of these biomaterials in the body is controlled by six mechanisms. The biomaterial interaction with body liquid results in bioactivity and total closure of the contact zone between the biomaterial and hard tissue.

This book describes the new biomaterials based on nanostructural chemically bonded bioceramics and discusses their general and specific properties. It presents an overview of the nanostructural chemically bonded bioceramics, including their processing aspects, properties, integration with tissues, relation to other bioceramics and biomaterials, and nanostructural integration in different dental and orthopaedic applications. The book also describes the potential application areas for these new chemically bonded bioceramics.


1.  Introduction to Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  1
1.1  Chemically Bonded Bioceramics: An Overview  1
1.2  Stable and Resorbable Chemically Bonded Ceramics  4
1.2.1  Stable Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  4
1.2.2  Resorbable Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  6
1.3  Summary and Conclusions  8
2.  Structures of Hard Tissue and the Importance of in situ–, in vivo–Formed Bioceramics  11
2.1  Hard Body Tissue Structures: An Overview  11
2.2  Interaction between Chemically Bonded Ceramics and Hard Tissue  13
2.2.1  Contact Zone Reaction between Chemically Bonded Bioceramics and Hard Tissue  13
2.3  Summary and Conclusion  16
3.  Overview of Chemical Reactions, Processing, and Properties  17
3.1  Chemical Reactions during Setting and Hardening: An Overview  17
3.1.1  Mechanism 1   18
3.1.2  Mechanisms 2 and 3   18
3.1.3  Mechanism 4  19
3.1.4  Mechanism 5  20
3.1.5  Mechanism 6  20
3.2  Property Features of Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  21
3.2.1 Property Profile Aspects 21
3.2.2  Practical Properties  23
3.3  Summary and Conclusion  25
4.  Additives Used in Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  29
4.1  Additives Normally Used for Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  29
4.1.1  Complementary Binding Phases for Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  30
4.1.2  Processing Agents for Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  30
4.1.3  Fillers Used in Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  31
4.2  Summary  32
5.  Test Methods with Special Reference to Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  33
5.1  Introduction   33
5.2  Test Methods and Nanostructures   34
5.2.1  Micro-/Nanostructural Evaluation  34
5.2.2  Mechanical Properties  34
5.2.3  Dimensional Stability: Shrinkage or Expansion?  36
5.3  Summary  36
6.  Why Even Difficult to Avoid Nanostructures in Chemically Bonded Bioceramics?   6.1  Why Nanostructures in Chemically Bonded Bioceramics?  41
6.1.1  Calculations  42
6.2  Nanostructures in the Calcium Aluminate–Calcium Phosphate System  43
6.3  Conclusion  47
7.  Nanostructures and Related Properties  49
7.1  Nanostructure, Including Crystal Size and Porosity Structure  49
7.1.1  Nanostructure, Including the Nanoporosity Developed   49
7.1.2  Microstructure and Gap (Contact Zone) Closure   50
7.2  Nanostructures and Mechanical Strength  51
7.3  Additional Property Features of Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  7.4  Conclusion  53
8.  Nanostructures and Specific Properties  57
8.1  Nanostructures, Including Phases and Porosity for Specific Properties 57
8.1.1  Bioactivity and Anti-Bacterial Properties Simultaneously  58
8.1.1.1  Bioactivity  58
8.1.1.2  Anti-bacterial aspects  58
8.1.2  Microleakage  61
8.2  Drug Delivery Carriers  64
8.3  Haemocompatibility  64
8.4  Conclusions and Outlook  67
9.  Dental Applications within Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  71
9.1  Chemically Bonded Bioceramics for Dental Applications: An Introduction  71
9.2  Dental Applications   73
9.2.1  Dental Cements  73
9.2.2  Endodontics  75
9.2.3  Dental Fillings  78
9.2.4  Dental Implant Coatings  79
9.3  Summary and Conclusion   79
10.  Orthopaedic Applications within Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  10.1  Biomaterials for Orthopaedic Applications  83
10.2  Chemically Bonded Bioceramics for Orthopaedic Applications  84
10.2.1  Ca-Aluminate-Based Orthopaedic Materials  84
10.2.1.1  PVP  85
10.2.1.2  KVP  85
10.2.2  Ca-Aluminate-Based Orthopaedic Coating Materials  87
10.2.2.1  Point-welding  89
10.3  Summary and Conclusions  90
11.  Carriers for Drug Delivery Based on Nanostructural Chemically Bonded Bioceramics  93
11.1  Chemically Bonded Bioceramics as Carriers for Drug Delivery: Introduction  93
11.2  Important Aspects of Carriers for Drug Delivery  94
11.2.1  General Aspects  95
11.2.2  Drug-Loading and Manufacturing Aspects  97
11.2.3  Drug Release Control Aspects  99
11.2.3.1  Types of chemically bonded ceramics  99
11.2.3.2  Grain size distribution  99
11.2.3.3  Microstructure of additional particles (additives) for drug incorporation  100
11.2.3.4  Pharmaceutical compositions  101
11.3  Summary and Conclusion  102
12.  Clinical Observations and Testing  105
12.1  Clinical Evaluation: An Introduction  105
12.2  Dental Biomaterial Evaluation   106
12.2.1  Introduction  106
12.2.2  Dental Luting Cement: Prospective Observations  107
12.2.3  Endodontic Fillings: A Retrospective Investigation of a Ca-Aluminate-Based Material in Root Canal Sealing  113
12.3  Orthopaedic Biomaterial Evaluation  118
12.3.1  Introduction  118
12.3.2  Clinical Studies  119
12.3.2.1  A prospective clinical study in PVP  123
12.3.3  Presentation of clinical results  125
...

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Chuyên mục: C. Bài giảng C. Bài giảng chuyên ngành Hóa học - Vật liệu (Chemistry & Materials) C. Bài giảng kỹ thuật