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EBOOK - Distillation Troubleshooting (Henry Z. Kister)
EBOOK - Distillation Troubleshooting (Henry Z. Kister) - 749 Trang.
The last half - century has seen tremendous progress in distillation technology. The introduction of high - speed computers revolutionized the design, control, and peration of distillation towers. Invention and innovation in tower internals enhanced tower capacity and efficiency beyond previously conceived limits.
Gamma scans and laser-guided pyrometers have provided troubleshooters with tools of which, not-solong-ago, they would only dream. With all these advances, one would expect the failure rate in distillation towers to be on the decline, maybe heading towards extinction as we enter the 21 st century. Our recent survey of distillation failures (255) brought disappointing news: Distillation failures are not on the path to extinction.
Instead, the tower failure rate is on the rise and accelerating. Our survey further showed that the rise is not because distillation is moving into new, unchartered frontiers. By far, the bulk of the failures have been repetitions of previous ones. In some cases, the literature describes 10-20 repetitions of the same failure. And for every case that is reported, there are tens, maybe hundreds, that are not.
1. Troubleshooting Distillation Simulations 1
2. Where Fractionation Goes Wrong 25
3. Energy Savings and Thermal Effect s 61
4. Tower Sizing and Material Selection Affec t Performance 73
5. Feed Entry Pitfalls in Tray Towers 9 7
6. Packed-Tower Liquid Distributors: Number 6 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 11 1
7. Vapor Maldistribution in Trays and Packings 133
8. Tower Base Level and Reboiler Return: Number 2 on the Top 10 Malfunctions
9. Chimney Tray Malfunctions: Part of Number 7 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 163
10. Draw-Off Malfunctions (Non-Chimney Tray) Part of Number 7
on the Top 10 Malfunctions 179
11. Tower Assembly Mishaps: Number 5 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 193
12. Difficulties During Start-Up, Shutdown, Commissioning, and Abnormal Operation: Number 4 on the To p 10 Malfunctions 21 5
13. Water-Induced Pressure Surges: Part of Number 3 on the Top 10 Malfunctions
14. Explosions, Fires, and Chemical Releases: Number 10 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 233
15. Undesired Reactions in Towers 23 7
16. Foaming 24 1
17. The Tower as a Filter: Part A. Causes of Plugging - Number 1
on the Top 1 0 Malfunctions 253
18. The Tower as a Filter: Part B. Location of Plugging - Number 1
on the Top 1 0 Malfunctions 25 7
19. Coking: Number 1 on the To p 10 Malfunctions 271
20. Leaks 281
21. Relief and Failure 287
22. Tray, Packing, and Tower Damage: Part of Number 3 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 291
23. Reboilers That Did Not Work: Number 9 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 315
24. Condensers That Did Not Work 335
25. Misleading Measurements: Number 8 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 34 7
26. Control System Assembly Difficulties 357
27. Where Do Temperature and Composition Controls Go Wrong? 373
28. Misbehaved Pressure, Condenser, Reboiler, and Preheater Controls 377
29. Miscellaneous Control Problems 395
EBOOK - Distillation Troubleshooting (Henry Z. Kister) - 749 Trang.
The last half - century has seen tremendous progress in distillation technology. The introduction of high - speed computers revolutionized the design, control, and peration of distillation towers. Invention and innovation in tower internals enhanced tower capacity and efficiency beyond previously conceived limits.
Gamma scans and laser-guided pyrometers have provided troubleshooters with tools of which, not-solong-ago, they would only dream. With all these advances, one would expect the failure rate in distillation towers to be on the decline, maybe heading towards extinction as we enter the 21 st century. Our recent survey of distillation failures (255) brought disappointing news: Distillation failures are not on the path to extinction.
Instead, the tower failure rate is on the rise and accelerating. Our survey further showed that the rise is not because distillation is moving into new, unchartered frontiers. By far, the bulk of the failures have been repetitions of previous ones. In some cases, the literature describes 10-20 repetitions of the same failure. And for every case that is reported, there are tens, maybe hundreds, that are not.
1. Troubleshooting Distillation Simulations 1
2. Where Fractionation Goes Wrong 25
3. Energy Savings and Thermal Effect s 61
4. Tower Sizing and Material Selection Affec t Performance 73
5. Feed Entry Pitfalls in Tray Towers 9 7
6. Packed-Tower Liquid Distributors: Number 6 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 11 1
7. Vapor Maldistribution in Trays and Packings 133
8. Tower Base Level and Reboiler Return: Number 2 on the Top 10 Malfunctions
9. Chimney Tray Malfunctions: Part of Number 7 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 163
10. Draw-Off Malfunctions (Non-Chimney Tray) Part of Number 7
on the Top 10 Malfunctions 179
11. Tower Assembly Mishaps: Number 5 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 193
12. Difficulties During Start-Up, Shutdown, Commissioning, and Abnormal Operation: Number 4 on the To p 10 Malfunctions 21 5
13. Water-Induced Pressure Surges: Part of Number 3 on the Top 10 Malfunctions
14. Explosions, Fires, and Chemical Releases: Number 10 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 233
15. Undesired Reactions in Towers 23 7
16. Foaming 24 1
17. The Tower as a Filter: Part A. Causes of Plugging - Number 1
on the Top 1 0 Malfunctions 253
18. The Tower as a Filter: Part B. Location of Plugging - Number 1
on the Top 1 0 Malfunctions 25 7
19. Coking: Number 1 on the To p 10 Malfunctions 271
20. Leaks 281
21. Relief and Failure 287
22. Tray, Packing, and Tower Damage: Part of Number 3 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 291
23. Reboilers That Did Not Work: Number 9 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 315
24. Condensers That Did Not Work 335
25. Misleading Measurements: Number 8 on the Top 10 Malfunctions 34 7
26. Control System Assembly Difficulties 357
27. Where Do Temperature and Composition Controls Go Wrong? 373
28. Misbehaved Pressure, Condenser, Reboiler, and Preheater Controls 377
29. Miscellaneous Control Problems 395
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