EBOOK - J & P Transformer Book 13th Edition (Martin Heathcote)
EBOOK - Máy biến áp J & P 13th Edition (Martin Heathcote) - 989 Trang.
The design and manufacture of transformers is not cutting edge technology, and compared with many fi elds of engineering, progress is slow and change is gradual. The question might therefore be asked as to what is the need for a new and revised edition of The J & P Transformer Book. It is also true that in many branches of the industry the book has become well known and widely respected, and many owners will not consider replacing their trusted old edition.
Indeed, many transformer engineers swear by copies handed down to them from older colleagues. After all, transformers are expected to have long lives so that many that are currently in service could have been designed 20 or 30 years ago using practices that have long been considered out of date. True, but the industry does change and the Twelfth edition certainly did appear at a time of great change. Electricity supply privatisation in the UK was beginning to have a signifi cant impact on procurement strategy; the single European market was becoming well established, and its effects strongly felt.
There have been many mergers in the industry; many well known and well respected manufacturers in Europe and the USA have disappeared. The result is that the industry has become truly an international one, national standards are disappearing and international standards, in particular those of the IEC, are becoming dominant.
CONTENTS:
1 Transformer theory 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The ideal transformer: voltage ratio 2
1.3 Leakage reactance: transformer impedance 4
1.4 Losses in core and windings 5
1.5 Rated quantities 9
1.6 Regulation 11
2 Design fundamentals 14
2.1 Types of transformers 14
2.2 Phase relationships: phasor groups 17
2.3 Volts per turn and fl ux density 22
2.4 Tappings 24
2.5 Impedance 25
2.6 Multi-winding transformers including tertiary windings 27
2.7 Zero-sequence impedance 33
2.8 Double secondary transformers 34
2.9 General case of three-winding transformer 36
3 Basic materials 41
3.1 Dielectrics 41
3.2 Core steel 42
3.3 Winding conductors 54
3.4 Insulation 60
3.5 Transformer oil 75
4 Transformer construction 105
4.1 Core construction 106
4.2 Transformer windings 119
4.3 Dispositions of windings 143
4.4 Impulse strength 149
4.5 Thermal considerations 158
4.6 Tappings and tapchangers 169
4.7 Winding forces and performance under short-circuit 230
4.8 Tanks and ancillary equipment 250
4.9 Processing and dry out 285
5 Testing of transformers 319
5.1 Testing and quality assurance during manufacture 319
5.2 Final testing 321
5.3 Possible additional testing for important transformers 384
5.4 Transport, installation and commissioning 392
6 Operation and maintenance 406
6.1 Design and layout of transformer installations 406
6.2 Neutral earthing 415
6.3 Transformer noise 430
6.4 Parallel operation 454
6.5 Transient phenomena occurring in transformers 495
6.6 Transformer protection 530
6.7 Maintenance in service 588
6.8 Operation under abnormal conditions 622
6.9 The infl uence of transformer connections upon third-harmonic voltages and currents 646
7 Special features of transformers for particular purposes 670
7.1 Generator transformers 670
7.2 Other power station transformers 682
7.3 Transmission transformers and autotransformers 688
7.4 Transformers for HVDC converters 689
7.5 Phase shifting transformers and quadrature boosters 701
7.6 System transformers 710
7.7 Interconnected star earthing transformers 714
7.8 Distribution transformers 718
7.9 Scott- and Le Blanc-connected transformers 743
7.10 Rectifi er transformers 750
7.11 AC arc furnace transformers 752
7.12 Traction transformers 757
7.13 Generator neutral earthing transformers 764
7.14 Transformers for electrostatic precipitators 769
7.15 Reactors 771
8 Transformer enquiries and tenders 782
8.1 Transformer enquiries 782
8.2 Assessment of tenders 807
8.3 Economics of ownership and operation 812
APPENDICES
1 Transformer equivalent circuit 822
2 Geometry of the transformer phasor diagram 833
3 The transformer circle diagram 839
4 Transformer regulation 844
5 Symmetrical components in unbalanced three-phase systems 848
6 A symmetrical component study of earth faults in transformers in parallel 871
7 The use of fi nite-element analysis in the calculation of leakage fl ux and dielectric stress distributions 921
8 List of national and international standards relating to power transformers 950
9 List of principal CIGRE reports and papers relating to transformers 961
10 List of reports available from ERA Technology Ltd 964
LINK DOWNLOAD
EBOOK - Máy biến áp J & P 13th Edition (Martin Heathcote) - 989 Trang.
The design and manufacture of transformers is not cutting edge technology, and compared with many fi elds of engineering, progress is slow and change is gradual. The question might therefore be asked as to what is the need for a new and revised edition of The J & P Transformer Book. It is also true that in many branches of the industry the book has become well known and widely respected, and many owners will not consider replacing their trusted old edition.
Indeed, many transformer engineers swear by copies handed down to them from older colleagues. After all, transformers are expected to have long lives so that many that are currently in service could have been designed 20 or 30 years ago using practices that have long been considered out of date. True, but the industry does change and the Twelfth edition certainly did appear at a time of great change. Electricity supply privatisation in the UK was beginning to have a signifi cant impact on procurement strategy; the single European market was becoming well established, and its effects strongly felt.
There have been many mergers in the industry; many well known and well respected manufacturers in Europe and the USA have disappeared. The result is that the industry has become truly an international one, national standards are disappearing and international standards, in particular those of the IEC, are becoming dominant.
CONTENTS:
1 Transformer theory 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The ideal transformer: voltage ratio 2
1.3 Leakage reactance: transformer impedance 4
1.4 Losses in core and windings 5
1.5 Rated quantities 9
1.6 Regulation 11
2 Design fundamentals 14
2.1 Types of transformers 14
2.2 Phase relationships: phasor groups 17
2.3 Volts per turn and fl ux density 22
2.4 Tappings 24
2.5 Impedance 25
2.6 Multi-winding transformers including tertiary windings 27
2.7 Zero-sequence impedance 33
2.8 Double secondary transformers 34
2.9 General case of three-winding transformer 36
3 Basic materials 41
3.1 Dielectrics 41
3.2 Core steel 42
3.3 Winding conductors 54
3.4 Insulation 60
3.5 Transformer oil 75
4 Transformer construction 105
4.1 Core construction 106
4.2 Transformer windings 119
4.3 Dispositions of windings 143
4.4 Impulse strength 149
4.5 Thermal considerations 158
4.6 Tappings and tapchangers 169
4.7 Winding forces and performance under short-circuit 230
4.8 Tanks and ancillary equipment 250
4.9 Processing and dry out 285
5 Testing of transformers 319
5.1 Testing and quality assurance during manufacture 319
5.2 Final testing 321
5.3 Possible additional testing for important transformers 384
5.4 Transport, installation and commissioning 392
6 Operation and maintenance 406
6.1 Design and layout of transformer installations 406
6.2 Neutral earthing 415
6.3 Transformer noise 430
6.4 Parallel operation 454
6.5 Transient phenomena occurring in transformers 495
6.6 Transformer protection 530
6.7 Maintenance in service 588
6.8 Operation under abnormal conditions 622
6.9 The infl uence of transformer connections upon third-harmonic voltages and currents 646
7 Special features of transformers for particular purposes 670
7.1 Generator transformers 670
7.2 Other power station transformers 682
7.3 Transmission transformers and autotransformers 688
7.4 Transformers for HVDC converters 689
7.5 Phase shifting transformers and quadrature boosters 701
7.6 System transformers 710
7.7 Interconnected star earthing transformers 714
7.8 Distribution transformers 718
7.9 Scott- and Le Blanc-connected transformers 743
7.10 Rectifi er transformers 750
7.11 AC arc furnace transformers 752
7.12 Traction transformers 757
7.13 Generator neutral earthing transformers 764
7.14 Transformers for electrostatic precipitators 769
7.15 Reactors 771
8 Transformer enquiries and tenders 782
8.1 Transformer enquiries 782
8.2 Assessment of tenders 807
8.3 Economics of ownership and operation 812
APPENDICES
1 Transformer equivalent circuit 822
2 Geometry of the transformer phasor diagram 833
3 The transformer circle diagram 839
4 Transformer regulation 844
5 Symmetrical components in unbalanced three-phase systems 848
6 A symmetrical component study of earth faults in transformers in parallel 871
7 The use of fi nite-element analysis in the calculation of leakage fl ux and dielectric stress distributions 921
8 List of national and international standards relating to power transformers 950
9 List of principal CIGRE reports and papers relating to transformers 961
10 List of reports available from ERA Technology Ltd 964
LINK DOWNLOAD
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