EBOOK - Electrical Engineering - Concepts and Applications (S. A. Reza Zekavat)

EBOOK - Kỹ thuật điện - Các khái niệm và ứng dụng (S. A. Reza Zekavat) - 714 Trang.

A multi-disciplinary effort was initiated at Michigan Technological University, with a support from the U.S. National Science Foundation’s Engineering Education division. The goal was to create a curriculum that (1) encourages students to pursue the life-long learning necessary to keep pace with the rapidly-evolving engineering industry and emerging interdisciplinary technologies, (2) maintains sufficient connection between the students’ chosen engineering fields and class content; and (3) motivates and excite the students about the importance of EE concepts to their discipline and career.


CONTENTS:

Chapter 1 Why  Electrical  Engineering?  1
1.1  Introduction    1
1.2  Electrical Engineering and a Successful Career   2
1.3  What Do You Need to Know about EE?   2
1.4  Real Career Success Stories   3
1.5  Typical Situations Encountered on the Job   4
1.5.1  On‐the‐Job Situation 1: Active Structural Control  4
1.5.2  On‐the‐Job Situation 2: Chemical Process Control  6
1.5.3  On‐the‐Job Situation 3: Performance of an Off‐Road Vehicle Prototype  8
Further Reading  12
Chapter  2 Fundamentals  of  Electric  Circuits  13
2.1  Introduction    13
2.2  Charge and Current   15
2.3  Voltage   17
2.4  Respective Direction of Voltage and Current   18
2.5  Kirchhoff’s Current Law   18
2.6  Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law   22
2.7  Ohm’s Law and Resistors   27
2.7.1  Resistivity of a Resistor  29
2.7.2 Nonlinear Resistors  32
2.7.3 Time‐Varying Resistors   32
2.8  Power and Energy   32
2.8.1 Resistor‐Consumed Power  36
2.9  Independent and Dependent Sources    38
2.10  Analysis of Circuits Using PSpice   42
Bias Point Analysis  45
Time Domain (Transient) Analysis  46
Copy the Simulation Plot to the Clipboard to Submit Electronically  47
2.11  What Did You Learn?   53
Problems  54
Chapter  3 Resistive  Circuits  61
3.1  Introduction    61
3.2  Resistors in Parallel and Series and Equivalent Resistance   62
3.3  Voltage and Current Division/Divider Rules   71
3.3.1 Voltage Division  71
3.3.2 Current Division  74 
3.4  Nodal and Mesh Analysis   81
3.4.1 Nodal Analysis  81
3.4.2 Mesh Analysis  88
3.5  Special Conditions: Super Node   92
3.6  Thévenin/Norton Equivalent Circuits   99
3.6.1 Source Transformation   108
3.7 Superposition Principle   11 2
3.8 Maximum Power Transfer   11 8
3.9  Analysis of Circuits Using PSpice   122
3.10  What Did You Learn?   125
Problems  126
Chapter  4 Capacitance  and  Inductance  135
4.1 Introduction   135
4.2 Capacitors   136
4.2.1  The Relationship Between Charge, Voltage, and Current  138
4.2.2 Power  140
4.2.3 Energy  140
4.3  Capacitors in Series and Parallel   141
4.3.1 Series Capacitors  141
4.3.2 Parallel Capacitance  142
4.4 Inductors   147
4.4.1  The Relationship Between Voltage and Current  147
4.4.2  Power and Stored Energy  148
4.5  Inductors in Series and Parallel   149
4.5.1  Inductors in Series  150
4.5.2  Inductors in Parallel  150
4.6  Applications of Capacitors and Inductors   152
4.6.1 Fuel Sensors  152
4.6.2 Vibration Sensors  153
4.7  Analysis of Capacitive and Inductive Circuits Using PSpice   156
4.8  What Did You Learn?   158
Problems  159
Chapter  5 Transient  Analysis  164
5.1 Introduction   164
5.2 First‐Order Circuits   165
5.2.1 RC Circuits  165
5.2.2 RL Circuits  179
5.3  DC Steady State   186
5.4  DC Steady State for Capacitive–Inductive Circuits   188
5.5  Second‐Order Circuits   189 
Contents  ix
5.5.1  Series RLC Circuits with a DC Voltage Source  189
5.5.2  Parallel RLC Circuits with a DC Voltage Source  196
5.6  Transient Analysis with Sinusoid Forcing Functions   198
5.7  Using PSpice to Investigate the Transient Behavior of RL and RC Circuits   201
5.8  What Did You Learn?   207
Problems  208
Chapter  6 Steady‐State  AC  Analysis  215
6.1  Introduction: Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents    215
6.1.1  Root‐Mean‐Square (rms) Values (Effective Values)  220
6.1.2  Instantaneous and Average Power  221
6.2 Phasors   222
6.2.1  Phasors in Additive or (Subtractive) Sinusoids  224
6.3 Complex Impedances   225
6.3.1  The Impedance of a Resistor  225
6.3.2  The Impedance of an Inductor  225
6.3.3  The Impedance of a Capacitor  226
6.3.4  Series Connection of Impedances  228
6.3.5  Parallel Connection of Impedances  229
6.4  Steady‐State Circuit Analysis Using Phasors   231
6.5  Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits with Phasors   239
6.5.1  Thévenin Equivalent Circuits with Phasors  239
6.5.2  Norton Equivalent Circuits with Phasors  240
6.6  AC Steady‐State Power   243
6.6.1 Average Power  245
6.6.2 Power Factor  246
6.6.3 Reactive Power  246
6.6.4 Complex Power  247
6.6.5 Apparent Power  249
6.6.6  Maximum Average Power Transfer  252
6.6.7  Power Factor Correction  254
6.7  Steady‐State Circuit Analysis Using PSpice   259
6.8  What Did You Learn?   265
Problems  267
Chapter  7 Frequency  Analysis  274
7.1 Introduction   274
7.2  First‐Order Filters   275
7.2.1 Transfer Functions  275
7.3 Low‐Pass Filters   276
7.3.1  Magnitude and Phase Plots  280
7.3.2 Decibels  280
7.3.3 Bode Plot  282 
xContents
7.4 High‐Pass Filters   285
7.4.1 Cascaded Networks  287
7.5 Second‐Order Filters   289
7.5.1 Band‐Pass Filters  289
7.5.2 Band‐Stop Filters  291
7.6 MATLAB Applications   293
7.7  Frequency Response Analysis Using PSpice   300
7.8  What Did You Learn?   309
Problems  310
Chapter  8 Electronic  Circuits  316
8.1 Introduction   316
8.2  P‐Type and N‐Type Semiconductors   317
8.3 Diodes   319
8.3.1 Diode Applications  323
8.3.2  Different Types of Diodes  329
8.3.3 AC‐to‐DC Converter  335
8.4 Transistors   338
8.4.1  Bipolar Junction Transistor  338
8.4.2  Transistor as an Amplifier  339
8.4.3  Transistors as Switches  356
8.4.4 Field‐Effect Transistors  357
8.4.5  Design of NOT Gates Using NMOS Only for High‐Density Integration 367
8.4.6  Design of a Logic Gate Using CMOS  369
8.5  Operational Amplifiers   371
8.6  Using PSpice to Study Diodes and Transistors   377
8.7  What Did You Learn?   385
Further Reading  385
Problems  386
Chapter  9 Power  Systems  and  Transmission  Lines  395
9.1  Introduction    395
9.2  Three‐Phase Systems   396
9.2.1 Introduction  396
9.2.2 Phase Sequence  398
9.2.3 Y‐Connected Generators  398
9.2.4 Y‐Connected Loads  398
9.2.5 ∆‐Connected Loads  401
9.2.6  ∆‐Star and Star‐∆ Transformations  404
9.2.7  Power in Three‐Phase Systems  406
9.2.8  Comparison of Star and ∆ Load Connections  411
9.2.9  Advantages of Three‐Phase Systems  411 
9.3 Transmission Lines   412
9.3.1 Introduction  412
9.3.2 Resistance (R)  414
9.3.3  Different Types of Conductors  415
9.3.4 Inductance (L)  416
9.3.5 Capacitance  421
9.3.6  Transmission Line Equivalent Circuits  424
9.4  Using PSpice to Study Three‐Phase Systems   432
9.5  What Did You Learn?   435
Further Reading  435
Problems  436
Chapter  10 Fundamentals  of  Logic  Circuits  440
10.1 Introduction   440
10.2 Number Systems   442
10.2.1 Binary Numbers  442
10.2.2 Hexadecimal Numbers  449
10.2.3 Octal Numbers  450
10.3 Boolean Algebra   451
10.3.1 Boolean Inversion  451
10.3.2  Boolean AND Operation  451
10.3.3  Boolean OR Operation  452
10.3.4  Boolean NAND Operation  452
10.3.5  Boolean NOR Operation  452
10.3.6  Boolean XOR Operation  452
10.3.7  Summary of Boolean Operations  452
10.3.8  Rules Used in Boolean Algebra  452
10.3.9  De Morgan’s Theorems  453
10.3.10 Commutativity Rule   454
10.3.11 Associativity Rule  454
10.3.12 Distributivity Rule  454
10.4  Basic Logic Gates   459
10.4.1  The NOT Gate   459
10.4.2  The AND Gate  459
10.4.3  The OR Gate  460
10.4.4  The NAND Gate   460
10.4.5  The NOR Gate  460
10.4.6  The XOR Gate  463
10.4.7  The XNOR Gate  463
10.5  Sequential Logic Circuits   466
10.5.1 Flip‐Flops  466
10.5.2 Counter  470 
10.6  Using PSpice to Analyze Digital Logic Circuits   474
10.7  What Did You Learn?   481
Reference  482
Problems  483
Chapter  11 Computer‐Based  Instrumentation  Systems  488
11.1 Introduction   488
11.2 Sensors   489
11.2.1 Pressure Sensors  490
11.2.2 Temperature Sensors  491
11.2.3 Accelerometers  497
11.2.4 Strain‐Gauges/Load Cells  498
11.2.5 Acoustic Sensors  500
11.2.6  Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT)   503
11.3  Signal Conditioning   505
11.3.1 Amplifiers  505
11.3.2 Active Filters  505
11.4  Data Acquisition   511
11.4.1 Analog Multiplexer  511
11.4.2 Analog‐to‐Digital Conversion  511
11.5  Grounding Issues   514
11.5.1 Ground Loops  514
11.6  Using PSpice to Demonstrate a Computer‐Based Instrument   516
11.7  What Did You Learn?   519
Further Reading  519
Problems  519
Chapter  12 Principles  of  Electromechanics  524
12.1  Introduction    524
12.2 Magnetic Fields   525
12.2.1  Magnetic Flux and Flux Intensity  526
12.2.2  Magnetic Field Intensity  527
12.2.3  The Right‐Hand Rule  527
12.2.4  Forces on Charges by Magnetic Fields  528
12.2.5  Forces on Current‐Carrying Wires  528
12.2.6 Flux Linkages  530
12.2.7  Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law  530
12.3 Magnetic Circuits   530
12.3.1 Magnetomotive Force   531
12.3.2 Reluctance  532
12.4  Mutual Inductance and Transformers   538
12.4.1 Mutual Inductance  539
12.4.2 Transformers  542 
Contents  xiii
12.5  Different Types of Transformers   547
12.6  Using PSpice to Simulate Mutual Inductance and Transformers   547
12.7  What Did You Learn?   552
Problems  552
Chapter  13 Electric  Machines  557
13.1  Introduction    557
13.1.1  Features of Electric Machines  558
13.1.2  Classification of Motors   558
13.2 DC Motors   559
13.2.1  Principle of Operation  559
13.2.2  Assembly of a Typical DC Motor   559
13.2.3  Operation of a DC Motor  560
13.2.4  Losses in DC Machines  561
13.3  Different Types of DC Motors   563
13.3.1  Analysis of a DC Motor  563
13.3.2  Shunt‐Connected DC Motor  566
13.3.3  Separately Excited DC Motors  567
13.3.4  Permanent Magnet (PM) DC Motor  568
13.3.5  Series‐Connected DC Motor  571
13.3.6  Summary of DC Motors  573
13.4  Speed Control Methods   573
13.4.1  Speed Control by Varying the Field Current  573
13.4.2  Speed Control by Varying the Armature Current  575
13.5 DC Generators   576
13.5.1  The Architecture and Principle of Operation of a DC Generator  576
13.5.2 emf Equation  577
13.6  Different Types of DC Generators   578
13.6.1  Load Regulation Characteristics of DC Generators  578
13.6.2  Separately Excited DC Generator  579
13.6.3  Shunt‐Connected DC Generator  580
13.7 AC Motors   580
13.7.1  Three‐Phase Synchronous Motors  581
13.7.2  Three‐Phase Induction Motor  584
13.7.3  Losses in AC Machines  591
13.7.4  Power Flow Diagram for an AC Motor  591
13.8  AC Generators   592
13.8.1  Construction and Working  593
13.8.2  Winding Terminologies for the Alternator  593
13.8.3  The emf Equation of an Alternator  595
13.9  Special Types of Motors   597
13.9.1  Single‐Phase Induction Motors  597
13.9.2 Stepper Motors  597 
xivContents
13.9.3  Brushless DC Motors  599
13.9.4 Universal Motors  600
13.10  How is the Most Suitable Motor Selected?   602
13.11  Setup of a Simple DC Motor Circuit Using PSpice   603
13.12  What Did You Learn?   610
Further Reading  611
Problems  611
Chapter  14 Electrical  Measurement  Instruments  615
14.1  Introduction    615
14.2  Measurement Errors   616
14.3  Basic Measurement Instruments   619
14.3.1  An Ammeter Built Using a Galvanometer  619
14.3.2  A Voltmeter Built Using a Galvanometer  620
14.3.3  An Ohmmeter Built Using a Galvanometer  621
14.3.4 Multi‐Meters  621
14.4  Time Domain and Frequency Domain   625
14.4.1  The Time Domain  625
14.4.2  The Frequency Domain  626
14.4.3  Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain  627
14.5  The Oscilloscope   628
14.6  The Spectrum Analyzer   633
14.6.1  Adjusting the Spectrum Analyzer’s Display Window   633
14.7  The Function Generator   639
14.8  What Did You Learn?   640
Problems  641
Chapter  15 Electrical  Safety  646
15.1  Introduction    646
15.2  Electric Shock   646
15.2.1 Shock Effects  647
15.2.2 Shock Prevention  649
15.3  Electromagnetic Hazards   649
15.3.1 High‐Frequency Hazards  649
15.3.2 Low‐Frequency Hazards  651
15.3.3  Avoiding Radio Frequency Hazards  655
15.4  Arcs and Explosions   655
15.4.1 Arcs  655
15.4.2 Blasts  657
15.4.3 Explosion Prevention  657
15.5  The National Electric Code   658
15.5.1 Shock Prevention  658
15.5.2 Fire Prevention  663 
Contents  xv
15.6  What Did You Learn?   665
References  666
Problems  666

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EBOOK - Kỹ thuật điện - Các khái niệm và ứng dụng (S. A. Reza Zekavat) - 714 Trang.

A multi-disciplinary effort was initiated at Michigan Technological University, with a support from the U.S. National Science Foundation’s Engineering Education division. The goal was to create a curriculum that (1) encourages students to pursue the life-long learning necessary to keep pace with the rapidly-evolving engineering industry and emerging interdisciplinary technologies, (2) maintains sufficient connection between the students’ chosen engineering fields and class content; and (3) motivates and excite the students about the importance of EE concepts to their discipline and career.


CONTENTS:

Chapter 1 Why  Electrical  Engineering?  1
1.1  Introduction    1
1.2  Electrical Engineering and a Successful Career   2
1.3  What Do You Need to Know about EE?   2
1.4  Real Career Success Stories   3
1.5  Typical Situations Encountered on the Job   4
1.5.1  On‐the‐Job Situation 1: Active Structural Control  4
1.5.2  On‐the‐Job Situation 2: Chemical Process Control  6
1.5.3  On‐the‐Job Situation 3: Performance of an Off‐Road Vehicle Prototype  8
Further Reading  12
Chapter  2 Fundamentals  of  Electric  Circuits  13
2.1  Introduction    13
2.2  Charge and Current   15
2.3  Voltage   17
2.4  Respective Direction of Voltage and Current   18
2.5  Kirchhoff’s Current Law   18
2.6  Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law   22
2.7  Ohm’s Law and Resistors   27
2.7.1  Resistivity of a Resistor  29
2.7.2 Nonlinear Resistors  32
2.7.3 Time‐Varying Resistors   32
2.8  Power and Energy   32
2.8.1 Resistor‐Consumed Power  36
2.9  Independent and Dependent Sources    38
2.10  Analysis of Circuits Using PSpice   42
Bias Point Analysis  45
Time Domain (Transient) Analysis  46
Copy the Simulation Plot to the Clipboard to Submit Electronically  47
2.11  What Did You Learn?   53
Problems  54
Chapter  3 Resistive  Circuits  61
3.1  Introduction    61
3.2  Resistors in Parallel and Series and Equivalent Resistance   62
3.3  Voltage and Current Division/Divider Rules   71
3.3.1 Voltage Division  71
3.3.2 Current Division  74 
3.4  Nodal and Mesh Analysis   81
3.4.1 Nodal Analysis  81
3.4.2 Mesh Analysis  88
3.5  Special Conditions: Super Node   92
3.6  Thévenin/Norton Equivalent Circuits   99
3.6.1 Source Transformation   108
3.7 Superposition Principle   11 2
3.8 Maximum Power Transfer   11 8
3.9  Analysis of Circuits Using PSpice   122
3.10  What Did You Learn?   125
Problems  126
Chapter  4 Capacitance  and  Inductance  135
4.1 Introduction   135
4.2 Capacitors   136
4.2.1  The Relationship Between Charge, Voltage, and Current  138
4.2.2 Power  140
4.2.3 Energy  140
4.3  Capacitors in Series and Parallel   141
4.3.1 Series Capacitors  141
4.3.2 Parallel Capacitance  142
4.4 Inductors   147
4.4.1  The Relationship Between Voltage and Current  147
4.4.2  Power and Stored Energy  148
4.5  Inductors in Series and Parallel   149
4.5.1  Inductors in Series  150
4.5.2  Inductors in Parallel  150
4.6  Applications of Capacitors and Inductors   152
4.6.1 Fuel Sensors  152
4.6.2 Vibration Sensors  153
4.7  Analysis of Capacitive and Inductive Circuits Using PSpice   156
4.8  What Did You Learn?   158
Problems  159
Chapter  5 Transient  Analysis  164
5.1 Introduction   164
5.2 First‐Order Circuits   165
5.2.1 RC Circuits  165
5.2.2 RL Circuits  179
5.3  DC Steady State   186
5.4  DC Steady State for Capacitive–Inductive Circuits   188
5.5  Second‐Order Circuits   189 
Contents  ix
5.5.1  Series RLC Circuits with a DC Voltage Source  189
5.5.2  Parallel RLC Circuits with a DC Voltage Source  196
5.6  Transient Analysis with Sinusoid Forcing Functions   198
5.7  Using PSpice to Investigate the Transient Behavior of RL and RC Circuits   201
5.8  What Did You Learn?   207
Problems  208
Chapter  6 Steady‐State  AC  Analysis  215
6.1  Introduction: Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents    215
6.1.1  Root‐Mean‐Square (rms) Values (Effective Values)  220
6.1.2  Instantaneous and Average Power  221
6.2 Phasors   222
6.2.1  Phasors in Additive or (Subtractive) Sinusoids  224
6.3 Complex Impedances   225
6.3.1  The Impedance of a Resistor  225
6.3.2  The Impedance of an Inductor  225
6.3.3  The Impedance of a Capacitor  226
6.3.4  Series Connection of Impedances  228
6.3.5  Parallel Connection of Impedances  229
6.4  Steady‐State Circuit Analysis Using Phasors   231
6.5  Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits with Phasors   239
6.5.1  Thévenin Equivalent Circuits with Phasors  239
6.5.2  Norton Equivalent Circuits with Phasors  240
6.6  AC Steady‐State Power   243
6.6.1 Average Power  245
6.6.2 Power Factor  246
6.6.3 Reactive Power  246
6.6.4 Complex Power  247
6.6.5 Apparent Power  249
6.6.6  Maximum Average Power Transfer  252
6.6.7  Power Factor Correction  254
6.7  Steady‐State Circuit Analysis Using PSpice   259
6.8  What Did You Learn?   265
Problems  267
Chapter  7 Frequency  Analysis  274
7.1 Introduction   274
7.2  First‐Order Filters   275
7.2.1 Transfer Functions  275
7.3 Low‐Pass Filters   276
7.3.1  Magnitude and Phase Plots  280
7.3.2 Decibels  280
7.3.3 Bode Plot  282 
xContents
7.4 High‐Pass Filters   285
7.4.1 Cascaded Networks  287
7.5 Second‐Order Filters   289
7.5.1 Band‐Pass Filters  289
7.5.2 Band‐Stop Filters  291
7.6 MATLAB Applications   293
7.7  Frequency Response Analysis Using PSpice   300
7.8  What Did You Learn?   309
Problems  310
Chapter  8 Electronic  Circuits  316
8.1 Introduction   316
8.2  P‐Type and N‐Type Semiconductors   317
8.3 Diodes   319
8.3.1 Diode Applications  323
8.3.2  Different Types of Diodes  329
8.3.3 AC‐to‐DC Converter  335
8.4 Transistors   338
8.4.1  Bipolar Junction Transistor  338
8.4.2  Transistor as an Amplifier  339
8.4.3  Transistors as Switches  356
8.4.4 Field‐Effect Transistors  357
8.4.5  Design of NOT Gates Using NMOS Only for High‐Density Integration 367
8.4.6  Design of a Logic Gate Using CMOS  369
8.5  Operational Amplifiers   371
8.6  Using PSpice to Study Diodes and Transistors   377
8.7  What Did You Learn?   385
Further Reading  385
Problems  386
Chapter  9 Power  Systems  and  Transmission  Lines  395
9.1  Introduction    395
9.2  Three‐Phase Systems   396
9.2.1 Introduction  396
9.2.2 Phase Sequence  398
9.2.3 Y‐Connected Generators  398
9.2.4 Y‐Connected Loads  398
9.2.5 ∆‐Connected Loads  401
9.2.6  ∆‐Star and Star‐∆ Transformations  404
9.2.7  Power in Three‐Phase Systems  406
9.2.8  Comparison of Star and ∆ Load Connections  411
9.2.9  Advantages of Three‐Phase Systems  411 
9.3 Transmission Lines   412
9.3.1 Introduction  412
9.3.2 Resistance (R)  414
9.3.3  Different Types of Conductors  415
9.3.4 Inductance (L)  416
9.3.5 Capacitance  421
9.3.6  Transmission Line Equivalent Circuits  424
9.4  Using PSpice to Study Three‐Phase Systems   432
9.5  What Did You Learn?   435
Further Reading  435
Problems  436
Chapter  10 Fundamentals  of  Logic  Circuits  440
10.1 Introduction   440
10.2 Number Systems   442
10.2.1 Binary Numbers  442
10.2.2 Hexadecimal Numbers  449
10.2.3 Octal Numbers  450
10.3 Boolean Algebra   451
10.3.1 Boolean Inversion  451
10.3.2  Boolean AND Operation  451
10.3.3  Boolean OR Operation  452
10.3.4  Boolean NAND Operation  452
10.3.5  Boolean NOR Operation  452
10.3.6  Boolean XOR Operation  452
10.3.7  Summary of Boolean Operations  452
10.3.8  Rules Used in Boolean Algebra  452
10.3.9  De Morgan’s Theorems  453
10.3.10 Commutativity Rule   454
10.3.11 Associativity Rule  454
10.3.12 Distributivity Rule  454
10.4  Basic Logic Gates   459
10.4.1  The NOT Gate   459
10.4.2  The AND Gate  459
10.4.3  The OR Gate  460
10.4.4  The NAND Gate   460
10.4.5  The NOR Gate  460
10.4.6  The XOR Gate  463
10.4.7  The XNOR Gate  463
10.5  Sequential Logic Circuits   466
10.5.1 Flip‐Flops  466
10.5.2 Counter  470 
10.6  Using PSpice to Analyze Digital Logic Circuits   474
10.7  What Did You Learn?   481
Reference  482
Problems  483
Chapter  11 Computer‐Based  Instrumentation  Systems  488
11.1 Introduction   488
11.2 Sensors   489
11.2.1 Pressure Sensors  490
11.2.2 Temperature Sensors  491
11.2.3 Accelerometers  497
11.2.4 Strain‐Gauges/Load Cells  498
11.2.5 Acoustic Sensors  500
11.2.6  Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT)   503
11.3  Signal Conditioning   505
11.3.1 Amplifiers  505
11.3.2 Active Filters  505
11.4  Data Acquisition   511
11.4.1 Analog Multiplexer  511
11.4.2 Analog‐to‐Digital Conversion  511
11.5  Grounding Issues   514
11.5.1 Ground Loops  514
11.6  Using PSpice to Demonstrate a Computer‐Based Instrument   516
11.7  What Did You Learn?   519
Further Reading  519
Problems  519
Chapter  12 Principles  of  Electromechanics  524
12.1  Introduction    524
12.2 Magnetic Fields   525
12.2.1  Magnetic Flux and Flux Intensity  526
12.2.2  Magnetic Field Intensity  527
12.2.3  The Right‐Hand Rule  527
12.2.4  Forces on Charges by Magnetic Fields  528
12.2.5  Forces on Current‐Carrying Wires  528
12.2.6 Flux Linkages  530
12.2.7  Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law  530
12.3 Magnetic Circuits   530
12.3.1 Magnetomotive Force   531
12.3.2 Reluctance  532
12.4  Mutual Inductance and Transformers   538
12.4.1 Mutual Inductance  539
12.4.2 Transformers  542 
Contents  xiii
12.5  Different Types of Transformers   547
12.6  Using PSpice to Simulate Mutual Inductance and Transformers   547
12.7  What Did You Learn?   552
Problems  552
Chapter  13 Electric  Machines  557
13.1  Introduction    557
13.1.1  Features of Electric Machines  558
13.1.2  Classification of Motors   558
13.2 DC Motors   559
13.2.1  Principle of Operation  559
13.2.2  Assembly of a Typical DC Motor   559
13.2.3  Operation of a DC Motor  560
13.2.4  Losses in DC Machines  561
13.3  Different Types of DC Motors   563
13.3.1  Analysis of a DC Motor  563
13.3.2  Shunt‐Connected DC Motor  566
13.3.3  Separately Excited DC Motors  567
13.3.4  Permanent Magnet (PM) DC Motor  568
13.3.5  Series‐Connected DC Motor  571
13.3.6  Summary of DC Motors  573
13.4  Speed Control Methods   573
13.4.1  Speed Control by Varying the Field Current  573
13.4.2  Speed Control by Varying the Armature Current  575
13.5 DC Generators   576
13.5.1  The Architecture and Principle of Operation of a DC Generator  576
13.5.2 emf Equation  577
13.6  Different Types of DC Generators   578
13.6.1  Load Regulation Characteristics of DC Generators  578
13.6.2  Separately Excited DC Generator  579
13.6.3  Shunt‐Connected DC Generator  580
13.7 AC Motors   580
13.7.1  Three‐Phase Synchronous Motors  581
13.7.2  Three‐Phase Induction Motor  584
13.7.3  Losses in AC Machines  591
13.7.4  Power Flow Diagram for an AC Motor  591
13.8  AC Generators   592
13.8.1  Construction and Working  593
13.8.2  Winding Terminologies for the Alternator  593
13.8.3  The emf Equation of an Alternator  595
13.9  Special Types of Motors   597
13.9.1  Single‐Phase Induction Motors  597
13.9.2 Stepper Motors  597 
xivContents
13.9.3  Brushless DC Motors  599
13.9.4 Universal Motors  600
13.10  How is the Most Suitable Motor Selected?   602
13.11  Setup of a Simple DC Motor Circuit Using PSpice   603
13.12  What Did You Learn?   610
Further Reading  611
Problems  611
Chapter  14 Electrical  Measurement  Instruments  615
14.1  Introduction    615
14.2  Measurement Errors   616
14.3  Basic Measurement Instruments   619
14.3.1  An Ammeter Built Using a Galvanometer  619
14.3.2  A Voltmeter Built Using a Galvanometer  620
14.3.3  An Ohmmeter Built Using a Galvanometer  621
14.3.4 Multi‐Meters  621
14.4  Time Domain and Frequency Domain   625
14.4.1  The Time Domain  625
14.4.2  The Frequency Domain  626
14.4.3  Time Domain Versus Frequency Domain  627
14.5  The Oscilloscope   628
14.6  The Spectrum Analyzer   633
14.6.1  Adjusting the Spectrum Analyzer’s Display Window   633
14.7  The Function Generator   639
14.8  What Did You Learn?   640
Problems  641
Chapter  15 Electrical  Safety  646
15.1  Introduction    646
15.2  Electric Shock   646
15.2.1 Shock Effects  647
15.2.2 Shock Prevention  649
15.3  Electromagnetic Hazards   649
15.3.1 High‐Frequency Hazards  649
15.3.2 Low‐Frequency Hazards  651
15.3.3  Avoiding Radio Frequency Hazards  655
15.4  Arcs and Explosions   655
15.4.1 Arcs  655
15.4.2 Blasts  657
15.4.3 Explosion Prevention  657
15.5  The National Electric Code   658
15.5.1 Shock Prevention  658
15.5.2 Fire Prevention  663 
Contents  xv
15.6  What Did You Learn?   665
References  666
Problems  666

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Chuyên mục: C. Bài giảng C. Bài giảng chuyên ngành Điện - Điện tử (Electrical & Electronic) C. Bài giảng kỹ thuật