EBOOK - High Voltage Engineering (C. L. Wadhwa)

EBOOK - Kỹ thuật điện áp cao (C. L. Wadhwa) - 312 Trang.

“High Voltage Engineering” has been written for the undergraduate students in Electrical Engineering of Indian and foreign Universities as well as the practising electrical engineers. The author developed interest in the field of High Voltage Engineering when he was a student at the Govt. Engineering College, Jabalpur. It used to be thrilling to observe large metal spheres flashing over, corona phenomenon on a wire placed along the axis of a cylinder and then recording the corona loss, controlling the wave shapes of impulse voltages etc.


CONTENTS:

0 Electric Stress Estimation and Control (xiii)
0.1 Introduction xiii
0.2 Finite Difference Method xiv
0.3 Finite Element Method xv
0.4 Charge Simulation Method xix
0.5 Surface Charge Simulation Method xxi
0.6 Comparison of Various Techniques xxiii
0.7 Electrolytic Tank xxiii
0.8 Control of Electric Field Intensity xxv
0.9 Optimisation of Electrode Configuration xxvii
0.9.1 Droplacement of Contour Points xxviii
0.9.2 Charging the Position of the Optimisation Charges and Contour Points xxix
0.9.3 Modification of Contour Elements xxx
1 Breakdown Mechanism of Gases, Liquid and Solid Materials 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Mechanism of Breakdown of Gases 1
1.2 Townsend’s First Ionization Coefficient 2
1.3 Cathode Processes—Secondary Effects 3
1.4 Townsend’ Second Ionization Coefficient 5
1.5 Townsend Breakdown Mechanism 7
1.6 Streamer or Kanal Mechanism of Spark 7
1.7. The Sparking Potential—Paschen’s Law 10
1.8 Penning Effect 14
1.9 Corona Discharges 14
1.10 Time-lag 16
1.10.1 Breakdown in Electronegative Gases 17
1.10.2 Application of Gases in Power System 17
1.11 Breakdown in Liquid Dielectrics 18
1.11.1 Suspended Solid Particle Mechanism 21
1.11.2 Cavity Breakdown 22
1.12 Treatment of Transformer Oil 24
1.13 Testing of Transformer Oil 28
1.13.1 Application of Oil in Power Apparatus 29
1.14 Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics 30
1.14.1 Intrinsic Breakdown 31
1.14.2 Electromechanical Breakdown 32
1.14.3 Breakdown due to Thrilling and Tracking 33
1.14.4 Thermal Breakdown 34
1.14.5 Electrochemical Breakdown 38
1.14.6 Solid Dielectrics used in Power Apparatus 39
1.14.7 Application of Insulating Materials 44
1.15 Breakdown in Vacuum 48
1.15.1 Non-metallic Electron Emission Mechanism 49
1.15.2 Clump Mechanison 50
1.15.3 Effect of Pressure Breakdown Voltage 51
2 Generation of High D.C. and A.C. Voltages 56
2.1 Half-wave Rectifier Circuit 56
2.2 Cockroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier Circuit 59
2.3 Electrostatic Generator 66
2.4 Generation of High A.C. Voltages 69
2.5 Series Resonant Circuit 73
3 Generation of Impulse Voltages and Currents 81
3.1 Definitions: Impulse Voltage 81
3.2 Impulse Generator Circuits 83
3.3 Analysis of Circuit ‘a’ 84
3.4 Analysis of Circuit ‘b’ 90
3.5 Multistage Impulse Generator Circuit 94
3.6 Construction of Impulse Generator 96
3.7 Triggering and Synchronisation of the Impulse Generator 98
3.8 Impulse Current Generation 100
4 Measurement of High Voltages and Currents 110
4.1 Introduction 110
4.2 Sphere Gap 110
4.3 Uniform Field Spark Gap 118
4.4 Rod Gap 119
4.5 Electrostatic Voltmeter 121
4.6 Generating Voltmeter 124
4.7 The Chubb-Fortescue Method 127
4.8 Impulse Voltage Measurements Using Voltage Dividers 131
4.9 Measurement of High D.C. and Impulse Currents 139
5 High Voltage Testing of Electrical Equipment 148
5.1 Testing of Overhead Line Insulators 149
5.2 Testing of Cables 151
5.3 Testing of Bushings 153
5.4 Testing of Power Capacitors 154
5.5 Testing of Power Transformers 156
5.6 Testing of Circuit Breakers 158
5.7 Test Voltage 164
6 Nondestructive Insulation Test Techniques 167
6.1 Loss in a Dielectric 167
6.2 Measurement of Resistivity 168
6.3 Measurement of Dielectric Constant and Loss Factor 169
6.4 High Voltage Schering Bridge 171
6.5 Measurement of Large Capacitance 177
6.6 Schering Bridge Method for Grounded Test Specimen 177
6.7 Schering Bridge for Measurement of High Loss Factor 178
6.8 Transformer Ratio Arm Bridge 179
6.9 Partial Discharges 181
6.10 Bridge Circuit 195
6.11 Oscilloscope as PD Measuring Device 196
6.12 Recurrent Surge Generator 197
7 Transients in Power Systems and Insulation Coordination 204
7.1 Introduction 204
7.2 Transients in Simple Circuits 205
7.3 Travelling Waves on Transmission Lines 211
7.4 Capacitance Switching 229
7.5 Over Voltage due to Arcing Ground 230
7.6 Lightning Phenomenon 230
7.7 Line Design Based on Lightning 234
7.8 Switching Surge Test Voltage Characteristics 235
7.9 Insulation Co-ordination and Overvoltage Protection 237
7.10 Overvoltage Protection 243
7.11 Ground Wires 250
7.12 Surge Protection of Rotating Machine 256
Multiple Choice Questions 258

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EBOOK - Kỹ thuật điện áp cao (C. L. Wadhwa) - 312 Trang.

“High Voltage Engineering” has been written for the undergraduate students in Electrical Engineering of Indian and foreign Universities as well as the practising electrical engineers. The author developed interest in the field of High Voltage Engineering when he was a student at the Govt. Engineering College, Jabalpur. It used to be thrilling to observe large metal spheres flashing over, corona phenomenon on a wire placed along the axis of a cylinder and then recording the corona loss, controlling the wave shapes of impulse voltages etc.


CONTENTS:

0 Electric Stress Estimation and Control (xiii)
0.1 Introduction xiii
0.2 Finite Difference Method xiv
0.3 Finite Element Method xv
0.4 Charge Simulation Method xix
0.5 Surface Charge Simulation Method xxi
0.6 Comparison of Various Techniques xxiii
0.7 Electrolytic Tank xxiii
0.8 Control of Electric Field Intensity xxv
0.9 Optimisation of Electrode Configuration xxvii
0.9.1 Droplacement of Contour Points xxviii
0.9.2 Charging the Position of the Optimisation Charges and Contour Points xxix
0.9.3 Modification of Contour Elements xxx
1 Breakdown Mechanism of Gases, Liquid and Solid Materials 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Mechanism of Breakdown of Gases 1
1.2 Townsend’s First Ionization Coefficient 2
1.3 Cathode Processes—Secondary Effects 3
1.4 Townsend’ Second Ionization Coefficient 5
1.5 Townsend Breakdown Mechanism 7
1.6 Streamer or Kanal Mechanism of Spark 7
1.7. The Sparking Potential—Paschen’s Law 10
1.8 Penning Effect 14
1.9 Corona Discharges 14
1.10 Time-lag 16
1.10.1 Breakdown in Electronegative Gases 17
1.10.2 Application of Gases in Power System 17
1.11 Breakdown in Liquid Dielectrics 18
1.11.1 Suspended Solid Particle Mechanism 21
1.11.2 Cavity Breakdown 22
1.12 Treatment of Transformer Oil 24
1.13 Testing of Transformer Oil 28
1.13.1 Application of Oil in Power Apparatus 29
1.14 Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics 30
1.14.1 Intrinsic Breakdown 31
1.14.2 Electromechanical Breakdown 32
1.14.3 Breakdown due to Thrilling and Tracking 33
1.14.4 Thermal Breakdown 34
1.14.5 Electrochemical Breakdown 38
1.14.6 Solid Dielectrics used in Power Apparatus 39
1.14.7 Application of Insulating Materials 44
1.15 Breakdown in Vacuum 48
1.15.1 Non-metallic Electron Emission Mechanism 49
1.15.2 Clump Mechanison 50
1.15.3 Effect of Pressure Breakdown Voltage 51
2 Generation of High D.C. and A.C. Voltages 56
2.1 Half-wave Rectifier Circuit 56
2.2 Cockroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier Circuit 59
2.3 Electrostatic Generator 66
2.4 Generation of High A.C. Voltages 69
2.5 Series Resonant Circuit 73
3 Generation of Impulse Voltages and Currents 81
3.1 Definitions: Impulse Voltage 81
3.2 Impulse Generator Circuits 83
3.3 Analysis of Circuit ‘a’ 84
3.4 Analysis of Circuit ‘b’ 90
3.5 Multistage Impulse Generator Circuit 94
3.6 Construction of Impulse Generator 96
3.7 Triggering and Synchronisation of the Impulse Generator 98
3.8 Impulse Current Generation 100
4 Measurement of High Voltages and Currents 110
4.1 Introduction 110
4.2 Sphere Gap 110
4.3 Uniform Field Spark Gap 118
4.4 Rod Gap 119
4.5 Electrostatic Voltmeter 121
4.6 Generating Voltmeter 124
4.7 The Chubb-Fortescue Method 127
4.8 Impulse Voltage Measurements Using Voltage Dividers 131
4.9 Measurement of High D.C. and Impulse Currents 139
5 High Voltage Testing of Electrical Equipment 148
5.1 Testing of Overhead Line Insulators 149
5.2 Testing of Cables 151
5.3 Testing of Bushings 153
5.4 Testing of Power Capacitors 154
5.5 Testing of Power Transformers 156
5.6 Testing of Circuit Breakers 158
5.7 Test Voltage 164
6 Nondestructive Insulation Test Techniques 167
6.1 Loss in a Dielectric 167
6.2 Measurement of Resistivity 168
6.3 Measurement of Dielectric Constant and Loss Factor 169
6.4 High Voltage Schering Bridge 171
6.5 Measurement of Large Capacitance 177
6.6 Schering Bridge Method for Grounded Test Specimen 177
6.7 Schering Bridge for Measurement of High Loss Factor 178
6.8 Transformer Ratio Arm Bridge 179
6.9 Partial Discharges 181
6.10 Bridge Circuit 195
6.11 Oscilloscope as PD Measuring Device 196
6.12 Recurrent Surge Generator 197
7 Transients in Power Systems and Insulation Coordination 204
7.1 Introduction 204
7.2 Transients in Simple Circuits 205
7.3 Travelling Waves on Transmission Lines 211
7.4 Capacitance Switching 229
7.5 Over Voltage due to Arcing Ground 230
7.6 Lightning Phenomenon 230
7.7 Line Design Based on Lightning 234
7.8 Switching Surge Test Voltage Characteristics 235
7.9 Insulation Co-ordination and Overvoltage Protection 237
7.10 Overvoltage Protection 243
7.11 Ground Wires 250
7.12 Surge Protection of Rotating Machine 256
Multiple Choice Questions 258

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Chuyên mục: C. Bài giảng C. Bài giảng chuyên ngành Điện - Điện tử (Electrical & Electronic) C. Bài giảng kỹ thuật