EBOOK - Steam Turbines for Modern Fossil Fuel Power Plants (Alexander S. Leyzerovich)

EBOOK - Tua bin hơi nước cho các nhà máy nhiệt điện sử dụng nhiên liệu hóa thạch (Alexander S. Leyzerovich) - 552 Trang.

Presenting the newest approaches to the design and operation of steam turbines, this book also explores modern techniques for refurbishment of aging units. It covers recent engineering breakthroughs and new approaches to transient operating conditions, as well as improved information support for operational personnel.

An authoritative guide for power plant engineers, operators, owners and designers on all of these crucial developments, this book fully describes and evaluates the most important new design and operational improvement opportunities for the full spectrum of today's steam turbines – from the newest and most advanced to the more common existing systems.

CONTENTS:

Part I  Main Steam Parameters, Operating Performances,
 and Design Features of Modern Steam Turbines
 for Fossil-Fuel Power Plants Worldwide...............................1
Chapter 1  Steam Turbines in the Modern World ......................................3
Chapter 2  Rise of Steam Turbine Output and Efficiency
 with Steam Parameters ................................................................9
 —  Steam turbines with subcritical main steam
  pressure of the 1960s-80s .....................................................9
 —  Supercritical- and USC-pressure steam
  turbines of the 1960s-80s ...................................................14
 —  Modern steam turbines with
  elevated steam conditions .................................................23
 —  Potential rise of steam conditions
  in the nearest future ...........................................................34
Chapter 3  Configuration of Modern Power Steam Turbines ................43
 —  Large power steam turbines .............................................43
 —  Profiles for modern power steam turbines of
  a moderate capacity ............................................................69
Chapter 4  Design of Steam Path, Blading, Gland Seals, and Valves ...97
 —  Features of modern three-dimensional steam
  path design ...........................................................................97
 —  Improvement of turbine gland seals and
  non-bladed areas ...............................................................119
 —  Reduction of losses in control valves ............................128
Chapter 5  Last Stage Blades and Exhaust Hoods of LP cylinders .....135
 —  Last stage blades ...............................................................135
 —  LP exhaust ports ...............................................................150
viii
 —  Last stage blade protection against water
  drop erosion .......................................................................155
Chapter 6  Thermal Expansion, Bearings, and Lubrication ..................169
 —  Arrangement of thermal expansion ...............................169
 —  Improvement of journal bearings ..................................175
 —  Prevention of oil fires due to the use of
  fire-resistant fluids as lubricant ......................................178
Part II  Steam Turbine Transients and Cycling Operation...187
Chapter 7  Operating Conditions and Start-up Systems
 for Steam-Turbine Power Units .............................................189
 —  Typology of operating conditions ..................................189
 —  Some features of start-up systems as applied
  to steam-turbine and CC power units ..........................201
Chapter 8  Experimental and Calculation Researches of
 Turbine Transients ....................................................................215
 —  Main goals of start-up field tests ...................................215
 —  Heat transfer boundary conditions for major
  turbine design elements ...................................................217
 —  Metal temperature fields for
  turbine design elements ...................................................234
 —  Cooling down characteristics of the turbine ................238
Chapter 9  Start-up Technologies as Applied to
 Different Start-up Systems ......................................................247
 —  Pre-start warming and rolling up of the turbine ........247
 —  Start-up loading and raising the steam conditions ....258
 —  Peculiarities of steam-turbine start-up technologies
  for CC units .......................................................................261
Chapter 10  Start-up Instructions for Steam-Turbine
 Power Units and Their Improvement ..................................271
 —  Different approaches to constructing start-up
  instructions .........................................................................271
 —  Estimation of start-up duration ......................................282
 —  Calculated optimization of start-up diagrams .............286
ix
Chapter 11  Scheduled and Unscheduled Load Changes
 within and beyond the Governed Range ............................295
Chapter 12  Cycling Operation and Its Influence on
 Turbine Performances ..............................................................305
 —  Different approaches to covering the variable
  part of power consumption ............................................305
 —  Cost of cycling operation and ways to
  reduce this cost ..................................................................315
 —  Turbine damages caused by or associated
  with the transients ............................................................321
Part III  Diagnostic Monitoring and Informative
 Support for Turbine Operators............................................349
Chapter 13  Automated Data Acquisition and Control
 Systems for Modern Power Plants ........................................351
 —  Recent years’ evolution of automated
  control and supervisory systems ...................................351
 —  Diagnostic monitoring of power equipment ...............362
 —  Human-machine interface and informative
  support for the operator ..................................................369
Chapter 14  Diagnostic Monitoring of Turbine Heat-Rate
 and Flow-Capacity Performances .........................................379
 —  Monitoring of heat-rate performances and
  deviations from the rated values ...................................379
 —  Revelation of turbine steam path damages and
  sources of heat-rate performance deterioration...........394
Chapter 15  Diagnostic Monitoring of Turbine Temperature
 and Thermal-Stress States .......................................................403
 —  General features of this diagnostic function ................403
 —  The scope of temperature measurements .....................404
 —  Mathematical modeling of the heating up process
  for temperature monitoring of turbine rotors ............. 412
 —  On-line operative support for turbine
  operators at the transients ...............................................418
Chapter 16  Post-Operative Analysis of the Turbine’s
 Operating Conditions ..............................................................429
 —  Computerized post-operative ananlysis of
  turbine operating conditions ...........................................429
 —  Evaluationn of the control quality at the transients ...433
 —  Post-operative analysis of the transients for
  turbines without computerized DAS ............................434
 —  Teaching and training the operational
  personnel with the use of simulators ............................436
 —  Specialized program-simulator for teaching
  and training operators in running the
  turbine transients ..............................................................445
Part IV  Lifetime Extension for Aging Steam Turbines
 and Their Refurbishment......................................................453
Chapter 17  Assessment and Extension of Steam Turbine Lifetime .....455
 —  Possible solutions for a problem with mass
  steam turbine aging ..........................................................455
 —  Steam turbine lifetime limitations ..................................459
 —  Assessment of the turbine’s residual lifetime ..............465
 —  Lifetime extension strategy for sets of the
  same type power equipment ...........................................470
Chapter 18  Steam Turbine Upgrade ..........................................................477
 —  An increase in the turbine efficiency and
  other benefits of turbine upgrades ................................477
 —  Steam turbine refurbishment by non-OEMs
  with the use of alien design solutions ..........................495
Appendix .....................................................................................................521
List of Abbreviations and Symbols ............................................................521
Acronyms  .....................................................................................................522
Symbols  .....................................................................................................524
Subscripts and Superscripts .........................................................................526
Criteria of Similarity .....................................................................................527
Conversion Table for Main Units Used .....................................................528

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EBOOK - Tua bin hơi nước cho các nhà máy nhiệt điện sử dụng nhiên liệu hóa thạch (Alexander S. Leyzerovich) - 552 Trang.

Presenting the newest approaches to the design and operation of steam turbines, this book also explores modern techniques for refurbishment of aging units. It covers recent engineering breakthroughs and new approaches to transient operating conditions, as well as improved information support for operational personnel.

An authoritative guide for power plant engineers, operators, owners and designers on all of these crucial developments, this book fully describes and evaluates the most important new design and operational improvement opportunities for the full spectrum of today's steam turbines – from the newest and most advanced to the more common existing systems.

CONTENTS:

Part I  Main Steam Parameters, Operating Performances,
 and Design Features of Modern Steam Turbines
 for Fossil-Fuel Power Plants Worldwide...............................1
Chapter 1  Steam Turbines in the Modern World ......................................3
Chapter 2  Rise of Steam Turbine Output and Efficiency
 with Steam Parameters ................................................................9
 —  Steam turbines with subcritical main steam
  pressure of the 1960s-80s .....................................................9
 —  Supercritical- and USC-pressure steam
  turbines of the 1960s-80s ...................................................14
 —  Modern steam turbines with
  elevated steam conditions .................................................23
 —  Potential rise of steam conditions
  in the nearest future ...........................................................34
Chapter 3  Configuration of Modern Power Steam Turbines ................43
 —  Large power steam turbines .............................................43
 —  Profiles for modern power steam turbines of
  a moderate capacity ............................................................69
Chapter 4  Design of Steam Path, Blading, Gland Seals, and Valves ...97
 —  Features of modern three-dimensional steam
  path design ...........................................................................97
 —  Improvement of turbine gland seals and
  non-bladed areas ...............................................................119
 —  Reduction of losses in control valves ............................128
Chapter 5  Last Stage Blades and Exhaust Hoods of LP cylinders .....135
 —  Last stage blades ...............................................................135
 —  LP exhaust ports ...............................................................150
viii
 —  Last stage blade protection against water
  drop erosion .......................................................................155
Chapter 6  Thermal Expansion, Bearings, and Lubrication ..................169
 —  Arrangement of thermal expansion ...............................169
 —  Improvement of journal bearings ..................................175
 —  Prevention of oil fires due to the use of
  fire-resistant fluids as lubricant ......................................178
Part II  Steam Turbine Transients and Cycling Operation...187
Chapter 7  Operating Conditions and Start-up Systems
 for Steam-Turbine Power Units .............................................189
 —  Typology of operating conditions ..................................189
 —  Some features of start-up systems as applied
  to steam-turbine and CC power units ..........................201
Chapter 8  Experimental and Calculation Researches of
 Turbine Transients ....................................................................215
 —  Main goals of start-up field tests ...................................215
 —  Heat transfer boundary conditions for major
  turbine design elements ...................................................217
 —  Metal temperature fields for
  turbine design elements ...................................................234
 —  Cooling down characteristics of the turbine ................238
Chapter 9  Start-up Technologies as Applied to
 Different Start-up Systems ......................................................247
 —  Pre-start warming and rolling up of the turbine ........247
 —  Start-up loading and raising the steam conditions ....258
 —  Peculiarities of steam-turbine start-up technologies
  for CC units .......................................................................261
Chapter 10  Start-up Instructions for Steam-Turbine
 Power Units and Their Improvement ..................................271
 —  Different approaches to constructing start-up
  instructions .........................................................................271
 —  Estimation of start-up duration ......................................282
 —  Calculated optimization of start-up diagrams .............286
ix
Chapter 11  Scheduled and Unscheduled Load Changes
 within and beyond the Governed Range ............................295
Chapter 12  Cycling Operation and Its Influence on
 Turbine Performances ..............................................................305
 —  Different approaches to covering the variable
  part of power consumption ............................................305
 —  Cost of cycling operation and ways to
  reduce this cost ..................................................................315
 —  Turbine damages caused by or associated
  with the transients ............................................................321
Part III  Diagnostic Monitoring and Informative
 Support for Turbine Operators............................................349
Chapter 13  Automated Data Acquisition and Control
 Systems for Modern Power Plants ........................................351
 —  Recent years’ evolution of automated
  control and supervisory systems ...................................351
 —  Diagnostic monitoring of power equipment ...............362
 —  Human-machine interface and informative
  support for the operator ..................................................369
Chapter 14  Diagnostic Monitoring of Turbine Heat-Rate
 and Flow-Capacity Performances .........................................379
 —  Monitoring of heat-rate performances and
  deviations from the rated values ...................................379
 —  Revelation of turbine steam path damages and
  sources of heat-rate performance deterioration...........394
Chapter 15  Diagnostic Monitoring of Turbine Temperature
 and Thermal-Stress States .......................................................403
 —  General features of this diagnostic function ................403
 —  The scope of temperature measurements .....................404
 —  Mathematical modeling of the heating up process
  for temperature monitoring of turbine rotors ............. 412
 —  On-line operative support for turbine
  operators at the transients ...............................................418
Chapter 16  Post-Operative Analysis of the Turbine’s
 Operating Conditions ..............................................................429
 —  Computerized post-operative ananlysis of
  turbine operating conditions ...........................................429
 —  Evaluationn of the control quality at the transients ...433
 —  Post-operative analysis of the transients for
  turbines without computerized DAS ............................434
 —  Teaching and training the operational
  personnel with the use of simulators ............................436
 —  Specialized program-simulator for teaching
  and training operators in running the
  turbine transients ..............................................................445
Part IV  Lifetime Extension for Aging Steam Turbines
 and Their Refurbishment......................................................453
Chapter 17  Assessment and Extension of Steam Turbine Lifetime .....455
 —  Possible solutions for a problem with mass
  steam turbine aging ..........................................................455
 —  Steam turbine lifetime limitations ..................................459
 —  Assessment of the turbine’s residual lifetime ..............465
 —  Lifetime extension strategy for sets of the
  same type power equipment ...........................................470
Chapter 18  Steam Turbine Upgrade ..........................................................477
 —  An increase in the turbine efficiency and
  other benefits of turbine upgrades ................................477
 —  Steam turbine refurbishment by non-OEMs
  with the use of alien design solutions ..........................495
Appendix .....................................................................................................521
List of Abbreviations and Symbols ............................................................521
Acronyms  .....................................................................................................522
Symbols  .....................................................................................................524
Subscripts and Superscripts .........................................................................526
Criteria of Similarity .....................................................................................527
Conversion Table for Main Units Used .....................................................528

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Chuyên mục: C. Bài giảng C. Bài giảng chuyên ngành Nhiệt Lạnh (Heat and Refrigeration) C. Bài giảng kỹ thuật