EBOOK - Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles - Standards and Technologies for Controlling Emissions (Asif Faiz & Christopher S. Weaver & Michael P. Walsh) | Cộng đồng Kỹ thuật cơ điện Việt Nam EBOOKBKMT

EBOOK - Ô nhiễm không khí từ phương tiện cơ giới - Tiêu chuẩn và công nghệ kiểm soát khí thải (Asif Faiz & Christopher S. Weaver & Michael P. Walsh).

CONTENTS:

Chapter 1 Emission Standards and Regulations 1

International Standards 2

U.S. Standards2

U.N. Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and European Union (EU) Standards6

Country and Other Standards 9

Argentina11

Australia11

Brazil12

Canada13

Chile14

China15

Colombia15

Eastern European Countries and the Russian Federation15

Hong Kong 16

India 17

Japan 18

Republic of Korea18

Malaysia19

Mexico19

Saudi Arabia 19

Singapore 19

Taiwan (China)20

Thailand20

Compliance with Standards 21

Certification or Type Approval21

Assembly Line Testing22

In-Use Surveillance and Recall 22

Warranty23

On-Board Diagnostic Systems23

Alternatives to Emission Standards 23

References 24

Chapter 2 Quantifying Vehicle Emissions25

Emissions Measurement and Testing Procedures 25

Exhaust Emissions Testing for Light-Duty Vehicles25

Exhaust Emissions Testing for Motorcycles and Mopeds29

Exhaust Emissions Testing for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Engines29

Contents

vi Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles

Crankcase Emissions32

Evaporative Emissions32

Refueling Emissions33

On-Road Exhaust Emissions33

Vehicle Emission Factors 33

Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles37

Diesel-Fueled Vehicles39

Motorcycles43

References 46

Appendix 2.1 Selected Exhaust Emission and Fuel Consumption Factors for Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles 49

Appendix 2.2 Selected Exhaust Emission and Fuel Consumption Factors for Diesel-Fueled Vehicles 57

Chapter 3 Vehicle Technology for Controlling Emissions63

Automotive Engine Types 64

Spark-Ignition (Otto) Engines 64

Diesel Engines64

Rotary (Wankel) Engines65

Gas-Turbine (Brayton) Engines65

Steam (Rankine Engines) 65

Stirling Engines 65

Electric and Hybrid Vehicles65

Control Technology for Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles (Spark-Ignition Engines) 65

Air-Fuel Ratio66

Electronic Control Systems66

Catalytic Converters67

Crankcase Emissions and Control67

Evaporative Emissions and Control67

Fuel Dispensing/Distribution Emissions and Control69

Control Technology for Diesel-Fueled Vehicles (Compression-Ignition Engines) 69

Engine Design70

Exhaust Aftertreatment71

Emission Control Options and Costs 73

Gasoline-Fueled Passenger Cars and Light-Duty Trucks73

Heavy-Duty Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles76

Motorcycles76

Diesel-Fueled Vehicles76

References 79

Appendix 3.1 Emission Control Technology for Spark-Ignition (Otto) Engines 81

Appendix 3.2 Emission Control Technology for Compression-Ignition (Diesel) Engines 101

Appendix 3.3 The Potential for Improved Fuel Economy 119

Chapter 4 Controlling Emissions from In-Use Vehicles127

Inspection and Maintenance Programs 127

Vehicle Types Covered 129

Inspection Procedures for Vehicles with Spark-Ignition Engines 130

Exhaust Emissions131

Evaporative Emissions133

Motorcycle White Smoke Emissions133

Inspection Procedures for Vehicles with Diesel Engines 133

Institutional Setting for Inspection and Maintenance 135

Centralized I/M136

Decentralized I/M137

Comparison of Centralized and Decentralized I/M Programs138

Inspection Frequency 140

Vehicle Registration140

Roadside Inspection Programs 140

Contents vii

Emission Standards for Inspection and Maintenance Programs 141

Costs and Benefits of Inspection and Maintenance Programs 144

Emission Improvements and Fuel Economy149

Impact on Tampering and Misfueling 151

Cost-Effectiveness153

International Experience with Inspection and Maintenance Programs 154

Remote Sensing of Vehicle Emissions 159

Evaluation of Remote-Sensing Data162

On-Board Diagnostic Systems 164

Vehicle Replacement and Retrofit Programs 164

Scrappage and Relocation Programs 165

Vehicle Replacement165

Retrofit Programs166

Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems 167

References 168

Appendix 4.1 Remote Sensing of Vehicle Emissions: Operating Principles, Capabilities, and Limitations 171

Chapter 5 Fuel Options for Controlling Emissions175

Gasoline 176

Lead and Octane Number 176

Fuel Volatility 179

Olefins180

Aromatic Hydrocarbons180

Distillation Properties181

Oxygenates182

Sulfur 183

Fuel Additives to Control Deposits 184

Reformulated Gasoline 184

Diesel 186

Sulfur Content 187

Cetane Number 188

Aromatic Hydrocarbons 188

Other Fuel Properties 189

Fuel Additives 190

Effect of Diesel Fuel Properties on Emissions: Summary of EPEFE Results 191

Alternative Fuels 193

Natural Gas 195

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 200

Methanol 202

Ethanol 204

Biodiesel 206

Hydrogen 210

Electric and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles 211

Factors Influencing the Large-Scale Use of Alternative Fuels 213

Cost 213

End-Use Considerations 215

Life-Cycle Emissions 216

Conclusions 218

References 219

Appendix 5.1 International Use of Lead in Gasoline 223

Appendix 5.2 Electric and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles 227

Appendix 5.3 Alternative Fuel Options for Urban Buses in Santiago, Chile: A Case Study 237

Abbreviations and Conversion Factors 241

Country Index 245

LINK DOWNLOAD