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API RP 10B-2 Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements - Full Edition (American Petroleum Institute)
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This standard specifies methods and gives recommendations for the testing of cement slurries and related materials under simulated well conditions.
Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.
The verbal forms used to express the provisions in this document are as follows. Shall: As used ina standard, “shall” denotesa minimum requirement in order to conform to the standard. Should: As used ina standard, “should” denotesa recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the standard.
May: As used ina standard, “may” denotesa course of action permissible within the limits ofa standard. Can: As used ina standard, “can” denotesa statement of possibility or capability. This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.
Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years.A onetime extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001
CONTENTS:
1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative References ................................................................................................................ 1
3 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols ................................................ 1
3.1 Terms and Definitions ................................................................................................................ 1
3.2 Symbols, Acronyms, and Abbreviations.................................................................................. 6
4 Sampling .................................................................................................................................... 10
4.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2 Sampling Cement at a Field Location ..................................................................................... 10
4.3 Sampling Cement Blends at a Blending Facility ................................................................... 10
4.4 Sampling Dry Cement Additives ............................................................................................. 10
4.5 Sampling Liquid Cement Additives ........................................................................................ 11
4.6 Sampling Mix Water .................................................................................................................. 11
4.7 Shipping and Storage ............................................................................................................... 12
4.8 Sample Preparation Prior to Testing ...................................................................................... 12
4.9 Sample Disposal ....................................................................................................................... 12
5 Preparation of Slurry ................................................................................................................ 12
5.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 12
5.2 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................. 13
5.3 Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 14
5.4 Test Fluid Conditioning ............................................................................................................ 24
6 Determination of Slurry Density .............................................................................................. 26
6.1 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................. 26
6.2 Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 26
7 Well-simulation Compressive-strength Tests ....................................................................... 27
7.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 27
7.2 Sampling .................................................................................................................................... 27
7.3 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................. 28
7.4 Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 30
7.5 Determination of Cement Strength at the Top of a Long Cement Column ......................... 34
8 Nondestructive Sonic Correlation of Compressive Strength of Cement ............................ 40
8.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 40
8.2 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................. 40
8.3 Sampling .................................................................................................................................... 40
8.4 Preparation of Slurry ................................................................................................................ 40
8.5 Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 40
8.6 Curing Time ............................................................................................................................... 40
8.7 Curing Schedules ..................................................................................................................... 40
8.8 Data Recording, Calculating, and Optional Crush Verification ........................................... 41
9 Well-simulation Thickening-time Tests .................................................................................. 41
9.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 41
9.2 Apparatus and Material ............................................................................................................ 42
9.3 Thickening-time Test Procedure ............................................................................................. 43
9.4 Determination of Thickening-time Test Schedules ............................................................... 45
10 Static Fluid-loss Tests.............................................................................................................. 55
10.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 55
10.2 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................. 55
10.3 Safety ......................................................................................................................................... 57
10.4 Performing Static Fluid-loss Test Using Non-stirred Fluid-loss Cell .................................. 57
10.5 Performing a Static Fluid-loss Test Using Stirred Fluid-loss Apparatus ........................... 61
10.6 Fluid-loss Results and Reporting ........................................................................................... 65
11 Determination of Rheological Properties and Gel Strength at Atmospheric Pressure
Using a Rotational Viscometer ................................................................................................ 67
11.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 67
11.2 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................. 67
11.3 Determination of Rheological Properties ............................................................................... 71
11.4 Determination of Gel Strength ................................................................................................ 74
11.5 Characterization of Rheological Behavior ............................................................................. 75
12 Well-simulation Slurry Stability Tests .................................................................................... 77
12.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 77
12.2 Slurry Mixing and Conditioning .............................................................................................. 78
12.3 Free-fluid Test at Atmospheric Pressure with Static Period at Ambient Temperature or
Temperature Equal or Less than 88 °C (190 °F) .................................................................... 78
12.4 Free-fluid Tests Under Pressure with Static Temperature Greater than 88 °C (190 °F) .... 79
12.5 Sedimentation Test ................................................................................................................... 80
13 Compatibility of Wellbore Fluids ............................................................................................. 86
13.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 86
13.2 Preparation of Test Fluids ....................................................................................................... 86
13.3 Rheological Properties............................................................................................................. 90
13.4 Thickening Time ....................................................................................................................... 92
13.5 Compressive or Sonic Strength .............................................................................................. 92
13.6 Solids Suspension and Gel Strength ..................................................................................... 92
13.7 Spacer Surfactant Screening Test (SSST) ............................................................................. 93
13.8 Compatibility of Wellbore Fluids—Interpretation .................................................................. 95
14 Test Procedure for Arctic Cementing Slurries ...................................................................... 97
14.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 97
14.2 Preparation of Cement Slurry .................................................................................................. 98
14.3 Thickening Time ....................................................................................................................... 98
14.4 Compressive Strength ............................................................................................................. 98
14.5 Strength After Freeze–Thaw Cycling at Atmospheric Pressure .......................................... 99
Annex A (normative) Procedure for Preparation of Large Slurry Volumes ................................... 100
Annex B (normative) Calibration and Verification of Well Cement Testing Equipment ............... 102
Annex C (normative) Alternative Apparatus for Well-simulation Thickening-time Tests ............ 123
Annex D (informative) Cementing Temperatures and Schedules—Not Applicable to
Deepwater or Non-vertical Wells ........................................................................................... 126
Annex E (informative) Determination of Bulk Density of Solids ..................................................... 128
Annex F (informative) Determination of Rheological Properties and Gel Strength Using a
Pressurized Rotational Viscometer ...................................................................................... 131
Annex G (informative) Alternative Slurry Mixing Procedures......................................................... 137
Annex H (informative) Pozzolan and Fly Ash Materials .................................................................. 145
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 149
Figures
1 Commonly Used Sampling Devices ....................................................................................... 11
2 Example of a Typical Cement-mixing Device ........................................................................ 13
3 Common Blade Assembly ....................................................................................................... 14
4 Typical Pressurized Fluid Density Balance ........................................................................... 27
5 Diagram of Mold Preparation .................................................................................................. 30
6 Typical Pressurized Consistometer ........................................................................................ 42
7 Typical Hesitation-pumping Squeeze-cementing Pressure and Temperature Schedule . 52
8 Common HPHT, Non-stirred Fluid-loss Cells ........................................................................ 58
9 Common Screwed-cap Type, HPHT, Double-ended Fluid-loss Cell .................................... 58
10 Typical Stirred Fluid-loss Apparatus ...................................................................................... 62
11 Cell and Components of a Typical Stirred Fluid-loss Apparatus ........................................ 62
12 Typical Rotational Viscometer Schematic ............................................................................. 68
13 R1 Rotor and B1 Bob Dimensions .......................................................................................... 69
14 Uncertainty Range of Measurements of Couette Viscometer ............................................ 73
15 Typical Sedimentation Tube .................................................................................................... 81
16 Compatibility Testing Flowchart ............................................................................................. 88
17 Typical Conductivity Titration vs Fresh Water Spacer Volume in SSST Apparatus ......... 97
A.1 Example of a Common Cement-mixing Device for Large Volumes .................................. 100
B.1 Worn Blade (right) Compared to a New One (left) ............................................................... 110
B.2 Common Calibrating Device for Pressurized Consistometer Potentiometer ................... 115
B.3 Fixture for Calibration of Upper Density Range .................................................................. 117
B.4 Typical Fluid-loss Screen Tester Cell ................................................................................... 119
C.1 Alternative Consistometer Design for Well-simulation Thickening Time: Example 1 .... 124
C.2 Alternative Consistometer Design for Well-simulation Thickening Time: Example 2 .... 125
G.1 Pressure Effects on Specific Gravity of Various Hollow Microspheres ........................... 138
G.2 Example of De-airing Mixing Container ................................................................................ 143
Tables
1 Symbols .......................................................................................................................................6
2 Well-simulation API Test Schedules for Curing Strength Specimens (SI Units) ............... 36
3 Well-simulation API Test Schedules for Curing Strength Specimens (USC Units) ........... 38
4 Vapor Pressure and Volume Expansion of Water at Temperatures Between
100 °C (212 °F) and 316 °C (600 °F) ......................................................................................... 59
5 Fluid-loss Results Reporting Form ......................................................................................... 66
6 Dimensions of Rotors and Bobs ............................................................................................. 69
7 Shear Rate Conversion for Rotor–Bob Configuration .......................................................... 70
8 Shear Stress per Degree of Dial Deflection ........................................................................... 70
9 Example Rheological Data Report .......................................................................................... 74
10 Optional Free-fluid and Sedimentation Results Report Form.............................................. 85
11 Drilling Fluid or Cement Slurry to Spacer Mixtures for Compatibility Testing .................. 89
12 Combination Fresh Fluids and Previously Tested Mixtures for Compatibility Testing .... 90
13 Rheological Compatibility of Mud, Cement Slurry, and Spacer .......................................... 91
B.1 Equipment Calibration Requirements .................................................................................. 103
B.2 Calibration and Verification of Well Cement Testing Equipment ...................................... 104
B.3 Permissible Variation in Mass of Weights (Routine Usage)............................................... 108
B.4 Viscometer Calibration........................................................................................................... 113
B.5 Slurry Consistency vs Equivalent Torque (for Potentiometer with Radius
of 52 mm ±1 mm) .................................................................................................................... 115
B.6 Dimensions for 50-mm (2-in.) Cube Molds in Use ............................................................... 116
B.7 Density of Distilled Water as a Function of Temperature ................................................... 122
D.1 TPBHC for Casing and Liner Well-simulation Tests ........................................................... 126
D.2 TPSP for Squeeze-cementing Well-simulation Tests ......................................................... 127
F.1 Dimensions of Rotors and Bobs ........................................................................................... 132
F.2 Shear Rate for Rotor–Bob Configuration ............................................................................. 133
F.3 Shear Stress per Degree of Dial Deflection ......................................................................... 133
F.4 Example Rheological Data Report with Dial Readings ..
This standard specifies methods and gives recommendations for the testing of cement slurries and related materials under simulated well conditions.
Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.
The verbal forms used to express the provisions in this document are as follows. Shall: As used ina standard, “shall” denotesa minimum requirement in order to conform to the standard. Should: As used ina standard, “should” denotesa recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the standard.
May: As used ina standard, “may” denotesa course of action permissible within the limits ofa standard. Can: As used ina standard, “can” denotesa statement of possibility or capability. This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.
Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years.A onetime extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001
CONTENTS:
1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative References ................................................................................................................ 1
3 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols ................................................ 1
3.1 Terms and Definitions ................................................................................................................ 1
3.2 Symbols, Acronyms, and Abbreviations.................................................................................. 6
4 Sampling .................................................................................................................................... 10
4.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2 Sampling Cement at a Field Location ..................................................................................... 10
4.3 Sampling Cement Blends at a Blending Facility ................................................................... 10
4.4 Sampling Dry Cement Additives ............................................................................................. 10
4.5 Sampling Liquid Cement Additives ........................................................................................ 11
4.6 Sampling Mix Water .................................................................................................................. 11
4.7 Shipping and Storage ............................................................................................................... 12
4.8 Sample Preparation Prior to Testing ...................................................................................... 12
4.9 Sample Disposal ....................................................................................................................... 12
5 Preparation of Slurry ................................................................................................................ 12
5.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 12
5.2 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................. 13
5.3 Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 14
5.4 Test Fluid Conditioning ............................................................................................................ 24
6 Determination of Slurry Density .............................................................................................. 26
6.1 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................. 26
6.2 Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 26
7 Well-simulation Compressive-strength Tests ....................................................................... 27
7.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 27
7.2 Sampling .................................................................................................................................... 27
7.3 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................. 28
7.4 Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 30
7.5 Determination of Cement Strength at the Top of a Long Cement Column ......................... 34
8 Nondestructive Sonic Correlation of Compressive Strength of Cement ............................ 40
8.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 40
8.2 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................. 40
8.3 Sampling .................................................................................................................................... 40
8.4 Preparation of Slurry ................................................................................................................ 40
8.5 Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 40
8.6 Curing Time ............................................................................................................................... 40
8.7 Curing Schedules ..................................................................................................................... 40
8.8 Data Recording, Calculating, and Optional Crush Verification ........................................... 41
9 Well-simulation Thickening-time Tests .................................................................................. 41
9.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 41
9.2 Apparatus and Material ............................................................................................................ 42
9.3 Thickening-time Test Procedure ............................................................................................. 43
9.4 Determination of Thickening-time Test Schedules ............................................................... 45
10 Static Fluid-loss Tests.............................................................................................................. 55
10.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 55
10.2 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................. 55
10.3 Safety ......................................................................................................................................... 57
10.4 Performing Static Fluid-loss Test Using Non-stirred Fluid-loss Cell .................................. 57
10.5 Performing a Static Fluid-loss Test Using Stirred Fluid-loss Apparatus ........................... 61
10.6 Fluid-loss Results and Reporting ........................................................................................... 65
11 Determination of Rheological Properties and Gel Strength at Atmospheric Pressure
Using a Rotational Viscometer ................................................................................................ 67
11.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 67
11.2 Apparatus .................................................................................................................................. 67
11.3 Determination of Rheological Properties ............................................................................... 71
11.4 Determination of Gel Strength ................................................................................................ 74
11.5 Characterization of Rheological Behavior ............................................................................. 75
12 Well-simulation Slurry Stability Tests .................................................................................... 77
12.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 77
12.2 Slurry Mixing and Conditioning .............................................................................................. 78
12.3 Free-fluid Test at Atmospheric Pressure with Static Period at Ambient Temperature or
Temperature Equal or Less than 88 °C (190 °F) .................................................................... 78
12.4 Free-fluid Tests Under Pressure with Static Temperature Greater than 88 °C (190 °F) .... 79
12.5 Sedimentation Test ................................................................................................................... 80
13 Compatibility of Wellbore Fluids ............................................................................................. 86
13.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 86
13.2 Preparation of Test Fluids ....................................................................................................... 86
13.3 Rheological Properties............................................................................................................. 90
13.4 Thickening Time ....................................................................................................................... 92
13.5 Compressive or Sonic Strength .............................................................................................. 92
13.6 Solids Suspension and Gel Strength ..................................................................................... 92
13.7 Spacer Surfactant Screening Test (SSST) ............................................................................. 93
13.8 Compatibility of Wellbore Fluids—Interpretation .................................................................. 95
14 Test Procedure for Arctic Cementing Slurries ...................................................................... 97
14.1 General....................................................................................................................................... 97
14.2 Preparation of Cement Slurry .................................................................................................. 98
14.3 Thickening Time ....................................................................................................................... 98
14.4 Compressive Strength ............................................................................................................. 98
14.5 Strength After Freeze–Thaw Cycling at Atmospheric Pressure .......................................... 99
Annex A (normative) Procedure for Preparation of Large Slurry Volumes ................................... 100
Annex B (normative) Calibration and Verification of Well Cement Testing Equipment ............... 102
Annex C (normative) Alternative Apparatus for Well-simulation Thickening-time Tests ............ 123
Annex D (informative) Cementing Temperatures and Schedules—Not Applicable to
Deepwater or Non-vertical Wells ........................................................................................... 126
Annex E (informative) Determination of Bulk Density of Solids ..................................................... 128
Annex F (informative) Determination of Rheological Properties and Gel Strength Using a
Pressurized Rotational Viscometer ...................................................................................... 131
Annex G (informative) Alternative Slurry Mixing Procedures......................................................... 137
Annex H (informative) Pozzolan and Fly Ash Materials .................................................................. 145
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 149
Figures
1 Commonly Used Sampling Devices ....................................................................................... 11
2 Example of a Typical Cement-mixing Device ........................................................................ 13
3 Common Blade Assembly ....................................................................................................... 14
4 Typical Pressurized Fluid Density Balance ........................................................................... 27
5 Diagram of Mold Preparation .................................................................................................. 30
6 Typical Pressurized Consistometer ........................................................................................ 42
7 Typical Hesitation-pumping Squeeze-cementing Pressure and Temperature Schedule . 52
8 Common HPHT, Non-stirred Fluid-loss Cells ........................................................................ 58
9 Common Screwed-cap Type, HPHT, Double-ended Fluid-loss Cell .................................... 58
10 Typical Stirred Fluid-loss Apparatus ...................................................................................... 62
11 Cell and Components of a Typical Stirred Fluid-loss Apparatus ........................................ 62
12 Typical Rotational Viscometer Schematic ............................................................................. 68
13 R1 Rotor and B1 Bob Dimensions .......................................................................................... 69
14 Uncertainty Range of Measurements of Couette Viscometer ............................................ 73
15 Typical Sedimentation Tube .................................................................................................... 81
16 Compatibility Testing Flowchart ............................................................................................. 88
17 Typical Conductivity Titration vs Fresh Water Spacer Volume in SSST Apparatus ......... 97
A.1 Example of a Common Cement-mixing Device for Large Volumes .................................. 100
B.1 Worn Blade (right) Compared to a New One (left) ............................................................... 110
B.2 Common Calibrating Device for Pressurized Consistometer Potentiometer ................... 115
B.3 Fixture for Calibration of Upper Density Range .................................................................. 117
B.4 Typical Fluid-loss Screen Tester Cell ................................................................................... 119
C.1 Alternative Consistometer Design for Well-simulation Thickening Time: Example 1 .... 124
C.2 Alternative Consistometer Design for Well-simulation Thickening Time: Example 2 .... 125
G.1 Pressure Effects on Specific Gravity of Various Hollow Microspheres ........................... 138
G.2 Example of De-airing Mixing Container ................................................................................ 143
Tables
1 Symbols .......................................................................................................................................6
2 Well-simulation API Test Schedules for Curing Strength Specimens (SI Units) ............... 36
3 Well-simulation API Test Schedules for Curing Strength Specimens (USC Units) ........... 38
4 Vapor Pressure and Volume Expansion of Water at Temperatures Between
100 °C (212 °F) and 316 °C (600 °F) ......................................................................................... 59
5 Fluid-loss Results Reporting Form ......................................................................................... 66
6 Dimensions of Rotors and Bobs ............................................................................................. 69
7 Shear Rate Conversion for Rotor–Bob Configuration .......................................................... 70
8 Shear Stress per Degree of Dial Deflection ........................................................................... 70
9 Example Rheological Data Report .......................................................................................... 74
10 Optional Free-fluid and Sedimentation Results Report Form.............................................. 85
11 Drilling Fluid or Cement Slurry to Spacer Mixtures for Compatibility Testing .................. 89
12 Combination Fresh Fluids and Previously Tested Mixtures for Compatibility Testing .... 90
13 Rheological Compatibility of Mud, Cement Slurry, and Spacer .......................................... 91
B.1 Equipment Calibration Requirements .................................................................................. 103
B.2 Calibration and Verification of Well Cement Testing Equipment ...................................... 104
B.3 Permissible Variation in Mass of Weights (Routine Usage)............................................... 108
B.4 Viscometer Calibration........................................................................................................... 113
B.5 Slurry Consistency vs Equivalent Torque (for Potentiometer with Radius
of 52 mm ±1 mm) .................................................................................................................... 115
B.6 Dimensions for 50-mm (2-in.) Cube Molds in Use ............................................................... 116
B.7 Density of Distilled Water as a Function of Temperature ................................................... 122
D.1 TPBHC for Casing and Liner Well-simulation Tests ........................................................... 126
D.2 TPSP for Squeeze-cementing Well-simulation Tests ......................................................... 127
F.1 Dimensions of Rotors and Bobs ........................................................................................... 132
F.2 Shear Rate for Rotor–Bob Configuration ............................................................................. 133
F.3 Shear Stress per Degree of Dial Deflection ......................................................................... 133
F.4 Example Rheological Data Report with Dial Readings ..
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