Morphology & Syntax Summary - Hình thái và Cú pháp học

MORPHOLOGY

1. Definition

Morphology (morph + logy): study of language forms/morphemes.

Ex: work (V); working (present part); worked (past part); worker(N); workable

(adj)….

- Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language. Ex: seats /si:ts/

+ Phoneme: meaningless. Ex: /s/, /t/, /i:/

+ Morphome: meaningful. Ex: {s}

2. Characteristics

• Indivisible: A morpheme cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units.

• Morpheme may be a word with lexical / dictionary meaning (N, Adj, V, Adv)

Ex: teacher

• Morpheme may be a part of word with grammatical meaning (function words:

Auxiliary, Pronoun, Preposition, Determiner, Conjunctions). Ex: teacher

(noun); boys (plural); stopped (past participle).

• It must be identifiable from one word to another. Ex: worker; workable;

workability.

• It contributes in some way to the meaning of the whole word. Ex: worker: 2

morphemes: work: to do something; -er: person => worker: the person who does

some work.

3. Classification

 By form

- Free morpheme: can stand on its own as an English word, may have

lexical or grammatical meaning. Ex: boy; worker

- Bound morpheme: cannot stand alone (affixes & bound base). Ex:

audience; portable

 By meaning

- Base/Root: morpheme with principal meaning

 Free base: can stand alone as an English word. Ex: worker

 Bound base: cannot stand alone in English, borrowed from a foreign

language. Ex: suicide

- Affixes: bound morphemes added to another morpheme.

 By position: + prefix: added before a word. Ex: review

+ suffix: added after a word. Ex: viewer

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