EBOOK - The Drinking Water Handbook Second Edition (Frank R. Spellman) | Cộng đồng Kỹ thuật cơ điện Việt Nam EBOOKBKMT

The first edition of The Drinking Water Handbookwas an industrywide bestseller hailed as a masterly account written in an engaging, highly readable style. The second edition continues where the first edition began—that is, stressing that notwithstanding our absolute need to breathe untainted air nothing is more important to us than the quality of the water we drink, although, of course, we need clean water for other uses as well.
Written with the practitioner, novice, and sophisticated consumer in mind, this new edition of The Drinking Water Handbookhas been thoroughly revised and updated and includes a comprehensive discussion of security requirements for waterworks and ancillary processes.
With regard to our absolute need for air, water, and food, it is important to keep the 5–5–5 Rule in mind: As human beings, we can survive approximately 5 minutes without breathable air, 5 days without water, and 5 weeks without food. Keep in mind that this rule varies for each individual simply because we are all different and have different requirements.

As a whole, however, the 5–5–5 Rule points to our absolute need for the three basic necessities needed to maintain life as we know it. All of the major cities of the modern world grew up on waterfronts but not because people require such large amounts of water for survival. People typically require no more than 10 pounds of water to create each pound of flesh, but to make a pound of paper requires approximately 250 pounds of water and to produce one pound of fertilizer requires 600 pounds. It is obvious that large cities developed near water primarily because of industry demands for a reliable water supply. In the United States, industry uses over 100 cubic miles of water every year to cool, wash, and circulate its materials, an amount equal to 30% of all the water in the rivers of the world.
Of this water we use, very little goes back cleaner than when taken from its source, because as water travels it bears with it the story of where it has been and what it has been used for.This text recognizes the value of water for use in industry but is not about the industrial use of freshwater; instead, the focus here is on the use of freshwater by humans, who need pure, sweet, clean water to sustain them.
This text is about the technology available and required to ensure that the water from our taps is safe. The Drinking Water Handbookfocuses on keeping our drinking water supplies safe, on current problems with our drinking water supply, and on the technologies available to mitigate the problems. The discussion in this text relating to solutions and technologies is not the result of a “feel good” approach, but rather is based on science and technology.
Concern over water quality is not new. Throughout the history of human civilization, concern over the availability of clean drinking water has played an instrumental role in determining where people chose to settle and how xii Preface to Second Edition these settlements grew into the cities of today. Those of us who reside in the United States are blessed with an abundant freshwater supply. Technology has even allowed us to provide for our arid areas; however, even with that abundance, economic development and population growth are straining the quality and quantity of water available for drinking.
Trillions of gallons of precipitation fall on the United States every day, filling streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, and marshes. That water then percolates through the natural filter that is soil to recharge underground freshwater aquifers. Each day, agricultural irrigators, industrial users, factories, and homeowners withdraw hundreds of billions of gallons from this finite water supply.
We use this water for everything from washing dishes and watering the garden to cooling the equipment of industrial complexes. After we are finished with it, the water (a substance always and forever in motion) finds a path back into the water cycle—into a stream, river, pond, lake, marsh, or groundwater supply—along with whatever contaminants it picked up along the way.

Preface to Second Edition .....................................................................................xi
Prologue: Sick Water .............................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................xxi
Authors ...............................................................................................................xxiii
1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1
Setting the Stage ...............................................................................................1
References and Recommended Reading ......................................................4
2. All about Water: Basic Concepts ..................................................................5
Ear t h’s Blood .....................................................................................................5
Introduction ......................................................................................................6
The Water Cycle ...............................................................................................8
Water Supply: The Q and Q Factors ............................................................11
Drinking Water Q and Q Vocabulary .........................................................13
Definitions ..................................................................................................15
Clean, Fresh, and Palatable: A Historical Perspective ..............................23
References and Recommended Reading ....................................................24
3. Drinking Water Regulations ......................................................................27
Regulation Nation ..........................................................................................27
Why Regulate? ................................................................................................28
Clean Water Reform Is Born .........................................................................30
Clean Water Act .............................................................................................32
Safe Drinking Water Act ...............................................................................35
SDWA Definitions .....................................................................................36
SDWA Specific Provisions........................................................................39
1996 Amendments to SDWA ...................................................................47
Implementing SDWA ................................................................................48
References and Recommended Reading ....................................................58
4. Drinking Water Supplies ............................................................................59
Introduction ....................................................................................................59
Water Sources .................................................................................................60
Just How Readily Available Is Potable Water? ......................................60
Surface Water Supplies .............................................................................60
Groundwater Supply ................................................................................65
Summary .........................................................................................................66
References and Recommended Reading ....................................................66
vi Contents
5. Drinking Water Conveyance and Distribution ......................................67
Introduction ....................................................................................................67
Surface Water and Groundwater Distribution Systems ...........................70
Surface Water Intake .................................................................................72
Surface Water Distribution ......................................................................74
Distribution Line Network ......................................................................75
Service Connection to Household Tap ...................................................75
Distribution and Storage ..........................................................................75
Summary .........................................................................................................83
References and Recommended Reading ....................................................83
6. Microbiological Drinking Water Parameters .........................................85
Introduction ....................................................................................................85
Microbiology: What Is It? ..............................................................................86
Classification of Organisms .....................................................................86
Waterborne Diseases .....................................................................................88
Bacteria ............................................................................................................90
Bacterial Cells: Shapes, Forms, Sizes, and Arrangements ..................91
Structure of the Bacterial Cell .................................................................93
Chemical Composition of a Bacterial Cell .............................................97
Metabolism.................................................................................................98
Classification ..............................................................................................99
Fecal Coliform Bacteria: Indicator Organisms .....................................99
Viruses ...........................................................................................................112
Bacteriophage ..........................................................................................113
Indicator Viruses .....................................................................................113
Protozoa .........................................................................................................114
Giardia .......................................................................................................116
Cryptosporidium ........................................................................................127
Cyclospora ..................................................................................................134
Helminths .....................................................................................................136
Summary .......................................................................................................137
References and Recommended Reading ..................................................138
7. Physical Drinking Water Parameters ......................................................141
Introduction ..................................................................................................141
Taste and Odor .............................................................................................143
Color ...............................................................................................................145
Temperature ..................................................................................................146
Turbidit y ........................................................................................................147
Solids ..............................................................................................................148
pH ...................................................................................................................150
Alkalinity ......................................................................................................151
Hardness .......................................................................................................151
vii Contents
Solubility .......................................................................................................152
Summary .......................................................................................................152
References and Recommended Reading ..................................................153
8. Chemical Drinking Water Parameters ...................................................155
Introduction ..................................................................................................155
Organic Chemicals ......................................................................................156
Synthetic Organic Chemicals ................................................................157
Volatile Organic Chemicals ...................................................................158
Total Dissolved Solids .................................................................................158
Fluoride .........................................................................................................158
Heavy Metals ................................................................................................159
Nutrients .......................................................................................................160
Summary .......................................................................................................161
References and Recommended Reading ..................................................162
9. Water Pollution ............................................................................................163
Introduction ..................................................................................................163
Sources of Contaminants ............................................................................164
Radionuclides ...............................................................................................166
The Chemical Cocktail ................................................................................168
Byproducts of Chlorine ..........................................................................169
Byproduct Regulations ...........................................................................171
Flocculants ...............................................................................................176
Groundwater Contamination .....................................................................176
Underground Storage Tanks .................................................................178
MtBE ..........................................................................................................178
Industrial Wastes ....................................................................................181
Septic Tanks .............................................................................................181
Landfills ....................................................................................................182
Agriculture ...............................................................................................182
Saltwater Intrusion .................................................................................183
Other Sources of Groundwater Contamination .................................184
Summary .......................................................................................................185
References and Recommended Reading ..................................................185
10. Drinking Water Monitoring .....................................................................187
Introduction ..................................................................................................187
Is the Water Good or Bad? ..........................................................................188
State Water Quality Standards Programs ...........................................191
Designing a Water Quality Monitoring Program ...................................191
General Preparation and Sampling Considerations ...............................192
Preparation of Sampling Containers ....................................................193
Sample Types ...........................................................................................194
Collecting Samples from a Stream .......................................................194
Sample Preservation and Storage .........................................................196
viii Contents
Test Methods .................................................................................................198
Titrimetric ................................................................................................198
Colorimetric .............................................................................................198
Visual Methods .......................................................................................199
Electronic Methods .................................................................................199
Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand ..........................199
Sampling and Equipment Considerations ..........................................201
What Is Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Why Is It Important? ....203
Temperature ..................................................................................................204
Useful Conversions .................................................................................205
Sampling and Equipment Considerations ..........................................205
Hardness .......................................................................................................205
Measuring Hardness ..............................................................................206
pH ...................................................................................................................207
Analytical and Equipment Considerations .........................................207
pH Meters .................................................................................................208
“Pocket Pals” and Color Comparators .................................................208
Turbidit y ........................................................................................................208
Sampling and Equipment Considerations ..........................................209
Orthophosphate ...........................................................................................212
Forms of Phosphorus ..............................................................................212
The Phosphorus Cycle ............................................................................212
Monitoring Phosphorus .........................................................................213
Sampling and Equipment Considerations ..........................................214
Nitrates ..........................................................................................................215
Sampling and Equipment Considerations ..........................................216
Tot al Solids ....................................................................................................218
Sampling and Equipment Considerations ..........................................219
Conductivity .................................................................................................219
Sampling and Equipment Considerations ..........................................220
Total Alkalinity ............................................................................................221
Analytical and Equipment Considerations .........................................221
Fecal Bacteria ................................................................................................222
Indicator Bacteria Types .........................................................................223
Which Bacteria Should Be Monitored? ................................................223
Sampling and Equipment Considerations ..........................................224
Apparent Color .............................................................................................225
Odor ...............................................................................................................226
Summary .......................................................................................................226
References and Recommended Reading ..................................................227
11. Water Treatment ..........................................................................................229
Introduction ..................................................................................................230
Screening .......................................................................................................231
Trash Screens (Rakes) .............................................................................232
ix Contents
Traveling Water Screens .........................................................................232
Drum Screens ..........................................................................................232
Bar Screens ...............................................................................................233
Passive Screens ........................................................................................233
Coagulation...................................................................................................233
Coagulants ...............................................................................................233
Types of Coagulants ...............................................................................235
Jar Test s .....................................................................................................235
Coagulation Chemicals ..........................................................................236
Coagulant Aids ........................................................................................236
Coagulation Process Operation ............................................................237
Flocculation ...................................................................................................237
Sedimentation...............................................................................................238
Filtration ........................................................................................................239
Rapid Filter Systems ...............................................................................240
Other Common Filter Types ..................................................................241
Hardness Treatment ....................................................................................242
Disinfection...................................................................................................242
Key Disinfection Terms ..........................................................................244
Disinfection Methods .............................................................................246
Chlorination .............................................................................................247
Alternative Disinfection Methods ........................................................250
Nonconventional Water Treatment Technologies ...................................251
Fluoridation ..................................................................................................252
Water Treatment of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants ...................253
Aeration ....................................................................................................253
Oxidation ..................................................................................................254
Adsorption ...............................................................................................254
Demineralization ....................................................................................256
Membrane Processes ..............................................................................256
Summary .......................................................................................................257
References and Recommended Reading ..................................................257
12. Upgrading Security ....................................................................................259
Introduction ..................................................................................................259
Consequences of 9/11 ..................................................................................260
Security Hardware and Devices ................................................................264
Physical Asset Monitoring and Control Devices ................................264
Water Monitoring Devices .....................................................................291
Communication and Integration ..........................................................302
Cyber Protection Devices .......................................................................305
SCADA ..........................................................................................................308
What Is SCADA? .....................................................................................310
SCADA Applications in Water Systems ...............................................311
SCADA Vulnerabilities ...........................................................................312
The Increasing Risk ................................................................................314
Adoption of Technologies with Known Vulnerabilities....................314
Cyber Threats to Control Systems ........................................................316
Securing Control Systems ......................................................................318
Steps to Improve SCADA Security .......................................................318
The Bottom Line on Security .....................................................................325
References and Recommended Reading ..................................................325

LINK DOWNLOAD